February 6, 2012

IATA and Stanford University Launch Aviation Certification Program

IATA and Stanford University Launch Aviation Certification Plan

Write-up by University Really like Connection

IATA and the Stanford Center of Expert Improvement at Stanford University have partnered to launch a new distance-studying aviation certification program for market specialists all around the world.

The curriculum will be accessible on-need, 24 hrs a day, 7 days a week in digital format, offering participants versatility to understand at their individual pace while acquiring internationally-identified academic and expert credentials.

The aviation element of the system, delivered by the ITDI, will offer in-depth coverage of the world-wide air transport technique through three programs targeted on business fundamentals airport operations and the essentials of income management and pricing.

“Consistent advancement of expert management expertise is critical to strengthening the aviation business right now and to constructing a sustainable potential. This partnership will create a new globally identified certification for aviation management experts. We are undertaking this by combining Stanford University’s globally recognized knowledge in management teaching with the world’s best aviation curriculum created by the IATA Training and Improvement Institute (ITDI). Effective distance finding out resources will present the accessibility and versatility necessary to serve aviation professionals close to the globe,” mentioned Giovanni Bisignani, IATA’s Director Basic and CEO.

The management element of the system, delivered by California-based Stanford University, contains a few courses on strategic execution, leadership and task management. This is Stanford’s 1st aviation management system.

“The Stanford Center for Expert Development-IATA collaboration upholds our mission to extend faculty analysis and teaching to market worldwide while leveraging equally organizations’ leadership in distance finding out,” stated James Plummer, Dean of Stanford’s College of Engineering and head of professional advancement.

Soon after profitable completion of the 6 study course method, participants will be awarded a Stanford-IATA Aviation Management Certificate and will automatically be registered with IATA as a Licensed Aviation Management Skilled (AvMP). To demonstrate professionalism and excellence, the certification holders can use the AvMP designation after their identify. AvMP holders are required to renew their certification every single a few a long time with added programs from IATA and Stanford.

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BYU, University of Utah study abroad programs watching Egypt turmoil

BYU, University of Utah review overseas plans watching Egypt turmoil

Article by University Adore Connection

Review abroad directors at the University of Utah and Brigham Young University have college students scheduled to go to Egypt but are observing developments there with the anticipation travel plans could adjust.

BYU may possibly shift students to yet another place in the Middle East for a research abroad scheduled to depart for Cairo at the finish of August. But the U.’s Egypt system, centered in Alexandria, has a May 18 departure. That doesn’t give the college sufficient time to revise its programs if the political turmoil in Egypt helps make it unsafe to take college students there.

“The better probability is that we would have to cancel the whole program if the scenario doesn’t settle down,” stated Mark Bean, associate dean and director of the U.’s Office of International Education/Examine Abroad. At this point, the U. is nevertheless accepting pupils for the Egypt plan, which has a March four software deadline. There are usually 20 to 25 pupils concerned.

Meantime, the school usually watches U.S. State Division travel advisories, diplomatic advisories from nations like Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, and frequently talks with other universities or straight with embassies in regions where there are possible security issues.

The U. also demands pupils and faculty to carry insurance policy that covers evacuation charges if situations in a foreign country devolve into the sort of chaos currently taking part in out in Egypt. The existing State Department advisory recommends Us residents steer clear of Egypt or “ought to think about leaving Egypt as soon as they can securely do so” if currently there.

BYU Arabic professor Dilworth Parkinson has lived in Egypt numerous instances and finds the unrest there “just plain upsetting.”

For the scheduled Cairo plan this fall, “We have not made any decisions at this level but we have sixty students who are preparing,” Parkinson said. “We are going to wait and see how things settle out, but we are not able to wait as well lengthy since it requires three to 4 months to set up a review overseas method.” Alternate sites for the pupils learning Arabic incorporate Morocco, Jordan or perhaps Oman.

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University Thesis

University Thesis

University Thesis

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University Thesis

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Writing of university papers is the day to day work of students in all universities. Most students get different grades in their university papers depending with the type of the paper they have been assigned or the time allocated for them to complete writing. University papers are written as per the subjects a student has enrolled. Most university papers are aimed at grading students from one academic level to another. Writing of university papers therefore requires the student to be serious and write a quality work. Essay writing is a task which makes most of students to have worries because the time allocated for this activity is small compared to the content of what is expected from them. They are forced to get essay writing help from essay writers who has experience in writing university papers such as university thesis papers, university speech papers and university research papers.

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Stephen Fry introduces his favourite Open University blooper reel in his own outtake tv sketch. Hilarious video from comedy superstars Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie. Video taken from BBC show ‘A Bit of Fry and Laurie’.
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Keene, NH (Vocus) March 31, 2010

Antioch University New England’s Keene campus is about to benefit from a million multi-campus initiative announced by Antioch University, based in Yellow Springs, Ohio. The new Chancellor’s Discretionary Academic Innovation Fund at Antioch University will enable the university’s five campuses in four states to work together on joint educational ventures. The Chancellor’s Fund is just one of the new initiatives Antioch University has implemented to strengthen collaboration and community between its multiple campuses and stand-alone programs.

The university has committed to spend million over the next four years on cross campus and program initiatives. The initiatives will focus on information technology, advancement and development, a Virtual Learning Commons that would provide services to students and faculty across campuses, an Antioch University library expansion, and cross-campus/university-wide academic initiatives funded by the Chancellor’s Fund that encourage the sharing of faculty, programs, and curriculum. A new shared wordmark further cements Antioch University’s multi-campus connections.

“Our aim across the next decade is to ensure that Antioch University is demonstrably and reputably a creative university in the vanguard of progressive education,” said Antioch University Chancellor Tullisse (Toni) A. Murdock. “Essential to that goal is the unification and integration of our system.”

Antioch University New England president David Caruso notes that the new initiatives will bring opportunities and support to AUNE. “Our campuses, while separated by great distances, share many qualities in common. These collaborative efforts will strengthen each campus while fostering a greater sense of unity and collegiality between campuses.”

Cross-campus efforts have already begun in the areas of information technology and advancement and development.

About Antioch University New England (AUNE)

This is Antioch University New England’s forty-sixth year as an institution of higher education. Located in Keene, New Hampshire, AUNE offers rigorous, practice-oriented, values-based master’s, doctoral, and certificate programs to more than one thousand students. Degrees in education, leadership and management, environmental studies, and psychology reflect a dedication to activism, social justice, community service, and sustainability. Antioch University New England is the oldest and largest of Antioch University’s graduate campuses. For more information about Antioch University New England visit our web site at: www.antiochne.edu.

About Antioch University

Antioch University, a visionary academic community composed of five campuses in four states, is uniquely capable of bringing its students’ brightest ideals and highest ambitions to life. Each campus has its own distinct academic programs, community life, and regional or national identity. Antioch University is founded on principles of rigorous liberal arts education, innovative experiential learning and socially engaged citizenship. The multiple campuses of the University nurture in their students the knowledge, skills and habits of reflection to excel as lifelong learners, democratic leaders, and global citizens who live lives of meaning and purpose. For more information visit: www.antioch.edu.

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University – Universidad Valladolid (Spain) HDR


Image by marcp_dmoz
From the plaza de Santa María (today the University Square), one can see the interesting Baroque facade designed by the Carmelite Fray Pedro de la Visitación and constructed in 1715. There are distinct sculptural groups that represent allegories of the subjects that are taught in the building. The central section, organized into four columns of giants, is finished off by a giant ornamental comb (Wikipedia).

HDR from five bracketed exposures, handheld.

—————————–

Cerrando el conjunto a la plaza de Santa María (hoy plaza de la Universidad), se realizó una una interesante fachada barroca proyectada por el carmelita Fray Pedro de la Visitación y que se construyó en 1715. En ella se encuentran distintos grupos escultóricos de calidad y que representan alegorías de las materias que se impartían en el edificio. Es de destacar el cuerpo central, organizado por cuatro columnas gigantes y rematado por una gran peineta. En la balaustrada se disponen cuatro esculturas que representan a los reyes que favorecieron a la Universidad vallisoletana (Wikipedia).

HDR generado a partir de un horquillado de cinco exposiciones, sin trípode.

View On Black ;-)

The Impact of the Committee System on University Management in Benue State of Nigeria

The Impact of the Committee System on University Management in Benue State of Nigeria

The Impact of the Committee System on University Management in Benue State of Nigeria

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Home Page > Education > Online Education > The Impact of the Committee System on University Management in Benue State of Nigeria

The Impact of the Committee System on University Management in Benue State of Nigeria

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Introduction

The Senate is the highest academic body in the university system with the Vice-Chancellor as its chairman. Its authority covers all academic matters although some, such as appointments, are shared with council. It is Senate that has the formal authority under the university’s charter and status to make academic policy. Therefore, for it to take meaningful decisions it has to create certain committees. Council is the governing body of the University and is the formal employer of all university staff. It is charged with the general control and superintendent of the Policy, Finance and Property of the University. University employees are required under the leadership of the Vice-Chancellor to carry out Councils policies. To that extent the Vice-Chancellor may be seen as “Chief Executive”. He is supported by the Registrar who is responsible for the university’s academic and administrative supportive services.

The use of committees was entrenched in the Laws/Acts establishing Nigerian Universities as indicated in the University of Ibadan Act of 1962 which states that: “Anybody or persons established by the Act shall without prejudice of the generality, shall have power to appoint committees consisting of members of that body and subject to the provisions of sub-section(7) of section four of this Act to authorize committee established by it to exercise, on its behalf, such of its functions as it may determine”. In the management of higher institutions, committees play very important roles in the decision making process. This is because as democratic establishments, universities’ decisions on governance must reflect the opinion of a cross section of the staff if such decisions are to be accepted. This explains why many institutions in the country have established many committees to assist management in arriving at useful and meaningful decisions that can facilitate the proper management and growth of the university system of education.

Ede (2000), describes universities as international communities engaged in the daily business of the search for knowledge and truth. Ogunmodede (1981), states that authority of governance of Nigerian Universities is derived from an external source – The Visitor, who invariably is the president in the case of a Federal University and the Governor in the case of a State University. According to Daudu (1986), the management of such complex organization requires participation through the committee system because of the bureaucratic, collegial and political models that are applicable in them.

Nwachukwu {1988}, describes a committee as a device for achieving coordination of activities and sharing information among various departments and divisions of an organizations. He further states that committee decisions help to promote better coordination in an organization. Ikenwe (1998), highlighting the work of Foxworthy (1971), wrote that the primary motive of instituting the committee system in institutional governance has grown out of the motive concern for democratizing decision making in those institutions and a recognition of the need for more broadly based decision making as universities become more complex. This explains why many institutions in the country established many committees to assist its management in arriving at useful and meaningful decisions that can facilitate the proper management and growth of the university system of education.

In view of the importance of the committee system in university management, it is therefore necessary to investigate its impact on the effective and efficient management of the university system in Benue State of Nigeria.

Statement of the Problem

There have been frequent cries by some members of the university community that the committee system may not necessarily be the best method of effectively managing a university system. These staff members argue that the disadvantages of the committee system on university management appear to out weigh the advantages. Various segments of the staff have severally expressed their grievances, some violently and others peacefully over non implementation of committee decisions. These crises negate effective management of higher institutions. There is therefore the need to investigate this problem

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to investigate how effectively committees affect university management in Benue State of Nigeria. Specifically, the study is concerned with the level of staff participation in the various committees and their confidence and trust in these committees and their importance in the management of the university system.

Research Questions

The following questions were answered by the study:-

(i) Does the committee system improve decision making process in the universities?

(ii) Does the committee system lead to greater participation of members of staff in the university community?

(iii) Do decisions made by committees instill greater confidence in the university community?

(iv) Do committees provide effective advisory services to Vice- Chancellors?

(v) Do committees’ recommendations influence opinion of the university council and senate towards proper management of the institutions?

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were formulated:-

(i) The committee system will not significantly lead to the participation of a higher number of staff in university management.

(ii) The committee system will not significantly improve decision making process in university management.

(iii) The committee system will not significantly instill greater confidence in the university.

(iv) The committee system will not significantly influence university management.

Methodology

The population of the study was made up of the staff members of the two universities in Benue State of Nigeria. The stratified random sampling technique was adopted for this study because of the large population involved. The population was therefore arranged into five sub-groups or strata. This helped to ease data collection and analyses. In effect, the study samples consist of 203 members of senior staff, 109 members bringing the total to 312 drawn from the study sample. The study used one structured questionnaire for the 312 respondents. The adopted Likert Four Point rating scale of 4, 3, 2, and 1, was used to analyze responses in the questionnaire.

Method of Data Analysis

The mean, standard deviation and t-test were used to verify results and arrive at certain conclusions. A mean of 2.50 was used as cut-off point of decision making for each item on the instrument. Any item with a mean of 2.50 and above was considered adequate and hence enhances the level of respondents on the use of committees in university governance. Any item with a mean of 2.50 and above was considered adequate and hence enhances the level of respondents on the use of committees in university governance. Any item with a mean of less than 2.50 was considered inadequate. The four hypotheses formulated for this study were tested at 0.05 level of significance using student t-test for each. Where the calculated value is greater than the table value of t at 0.05 level of significance, the null was not accepted. On the other hand, if the calculated value is less than the table value of t at 0.05 level of significance, the null hypotheses was accepted. After subjecting the responses to the above statistical methods and analyses, three out of the four null hypotheses were not accepted, while the fourth was accepted.

Hypotheses One

The committee system will not significantly lead to the participation of a large number of staff in university management.

Assumptions

N1 5

X1 15.25

S1 4.35

N2 6

X2 5.99

S2 2.80

df 6 Cal-t

cal.t Value 2.85 Table

table Value 2.45

Decision

Do not accept.

The result of the first hypothesis as shown above clearly indicates that the committee system encourages participation of a large number staff. Tahir (1991), agrees with this finding as he states that leadership must evolve styles that can ensure effective staff and student participation in decision making that affect them. Gwary (1993), also maintained that full participation is a process where each individual member of a decision making body has equal power to determine the outcome of the decision. This means that the use of participatory system of governance in the university system cannot be overemphasized. There must be full participation of individuals who are effective and efficient so as to help the growth of the committee system in university governance. It is then therefore worthy to mention that staff participation in the decision that affects their working lives is essential for effective management.

Hypotheses Two

The committee system will not significantly improve decision making process in university governance

Assumptions

N1 8

X1 24.62

S1 6.82

N2 7

X2 14.90

S2 6.20

df 13

Cal-tValue2.674

TableValue2.15

DecisionDo not accept.

In the table above, since the calculated t value is higher than the table value, we therefore do not accept the hypothesis. This finding reveals that the committee system is a vital tool for improving decision making process in university management. This finding is in line with Jeje (1983), who states that committees bring about group judgment on an issue, thereby protecting the university or chief executive from errors arising out of the decision of an individual.

Hypotheses Three

The committee system will not significantly instill confidence in the university system.

Assumptions

N1 9

X1 27.87

S1 7.62

N2 7

X2 15.28

S2 6.44

df 14

Cal-tValue 3.279

TableValue2.15

DecisionDo not accept

This finding reveals that there will exist trust and confidence if the committee decisions are faithfully implemented. All cadres of staff are of the opinion that committees would however tend to ignore the views of staff if they are in conflict with those of the university administration. Mehendiratta (1984), in his study on university administration in India and USA states that it would be advisable for the university system itself to device an adequate machinery to deal with grievances of students, teachers, subordinate staff and administrators and this machinery should be so devised that all persons concerned would have confidence in its impartiality and independence.

Hypothesis four

The committee system will not significantly influence university management.

Assumptions

N1 8

X1 24.38

S1 6.75

N2 8

X2 16.38

S2 7.41

df 14

Cal-t

Table

DecisionAccept.

The finding reveals that the committee system will not influence university management. This is because the respondents agree that committees do not provide effective advisory services to Vice-Chancellors, and that committee recommendations will not influence opinions of the university council and senate. What this result shows is that even though the university community believes that committees are vital tools for university governance, they are not confident that university administration will really implement the recommendations of committees. This also shows that there exist lack of trust between the university community and the university administration. It is pertinent to ask why a staff who is found worthy of promotion in the Departmental appointment and promotions committee be denied promotion by the council appraisal and promotions committee. Explanations would also be needed as to why a student who is found guilty of examination malpractice is rusticated by the College/Faculty examination malpractice committee however when the same case gets to senate, such a student is expelled. One wonders therefore why these committees are set up to look into these cases when decisions made by them are not implemented. Suffice it to say that because of administrative interest in these matters, decisions made by these committees are jettisoned. These actions negate the purpose of setting up these committees and also breed distrust in the system. Sifuna (1991), states that the tendency for Vice-Chancellors to monopolize all aspects of decision making has now been perfected in the creation of Vice-Chancellors ‘management boards’ whose powers are too wide and constantly erode those of the senate. Views or decisions of committees are ignored if they are in conflict with those of administration. He further states that although universities teach about democracy and are quite vocal about the need for popular participation in decision-making, universities’ administrative structures and key policy-making bodies are most undemocratic.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Universities the world over are established for the propagation, dissemination and the application of knowledge. The university system is made up of people with investigative and critical minds with the function of teaching, research and public service, dedicated to intellectual life and hence the need for a democratic system and consequently the introduction of the committee system of governance. The study has identified that staff of BSU and UAM are not as confident as they would like to be in the committee system. This is as a result of the non-implementation of committee recommendations in university governance. There is therefore the need for the university administration to effectively and efficiently implement committee recommendations so as to boost the confidence of staff in the system. University administration should further find a way to create conditions for trust to exist within the university community as there is a lot to gain in a trusting environment.

Tierney (1999), in his paper on Trust and Academic Governance opines that if individuals are to make far-reaching decisions they need to create the conditions for trust to exist. According to Longing (2002), institutional success at navigating the currents of higher education is the dependent on the effectiveness of governance structures and decision making processes. Still, governance and decision making as the subject of empirical research currently receives only moderate attention.

There is therefore the need for researchers to investigate more on how best to govern higher institutions to meet their desired goals without distrust. Universities must a evolve appropriate leadership styles and practices. Delegation and communication channels should be followed. Staff should be actively involved in decision making if they to be fulfilled and effective in following up decisions made. Participation will increase their level of out put. Recommendations made by committees should be accepted and implemented without delay so as to boost confidence in the system. There should be mandatory, introductory and refreshers courses/ seminars on the committee system for staff especially for junior staff members so as to understand what the committee system is all about as most of them do not know how the committee system operates.

References

Daudu P. (1986) Committee versus centralized system of managing Higher institution: A choice between participation and efficiency, Unpublished paper

Denga D. I. and Ali A. (1998) An introduction to research methods and statistics in education and social sciences, (3rd ed) Calabar, Nigeria, Rapid Educational Publishers Ltd.

Ede .S. A. (2000) Educational administration and management, Jos, Nigeria: Ichedum Publication Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria, Spectrum Books Ltd.

Gwary T. H. (1993) Participative strategies for higher education management: A case study of Federal College of Education,Yola. Education today, 6 (3).

Ikenwe E. (1988) The use of committees in Higher institutions in Bendel state. An unpublished thesis of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

Jeje .A. (1983) The administration of faculties in University of Ife, An unpublished field attachment report for MPA degree, University of Ife.

Longing T.C. (2002) Institutional governance: A call for collaborative decision making in American higher education. Boston, MA Anker Publishing Co.

Nwachukwu .C. C. (1988) Management theory and practice, Onitsha, Africana- Feb Publishers Limited.

Ogunmodede A. (1981) The community system of the university of Ibadan Management. Unpublished M.ED dissertation, University of Ibadan.

Mehendiraratta P.R (1984) University administration in India and USA, New Delhi, Oxford and IBH Co

Sifuna D. N. (1997) The governance of Kenyan public Universities Nairobi, Lyceum ed. Consultants.

Tahir G. (1991) Higher education management in Nigeria, Change and pressure for change: unpublished paper.

Tierney W. G. (1999) Creating high performance in colleges and universities, Thousand Oaks, Ca. Sage Publications Inc.

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Mastering The Universe

Mastering The Universe

Mastering The Universe

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Mastering The Universe

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Mastering The Universe

By: Praveen Y. Pparam

About the Author

Praveen Y. Pparam
S/O Mr. Mohan Lal Jangra
Vill.-Indiwali,P.O.-Devrala,
Tehsil-Tosham,Distt.-Bhiwani,
State-Haryana (India)
Postal Code-127036

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email: [email protected]

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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Mastering The Universe





 1. INTRODUCTION

 

Human being got into the act of colleting treasure of knowledge only with the quest in getting complete understanding of outside world. An attempt to make a complete model of outside world results in boundaries of outside world stretched, thus rendering the model incomplete. The state of present science is more pathetic. Technological advancements have enabled us to see cluster of galaxies at large- scale and particles within the ‘fundamentals particles’, at small-scale. Frightened to see the size of outside world; some of us are helpless to conclude that ultimate reality is out of reach to any physical model. Those who still hope to make the absolute model of universe, rely on trying to combine different pillars of science. These attempts, wrongly termed as unification prove to be synthesis. And we know, synthesis is noting but a more complex version of previous two theses.

 

In this presentation, we will explore some novel ideas to the status of a complete theoretical framework. We shall neatly untangle the entangled threads of knowledge humanity has gained so far. This process would include going right at the roots of every concept. We might be required to give up all knowledge for a little time. After the presentation is finished, we shall come up with a refreshed knowledge.

 

So we are not picking the unsolved questions individually to discuss. Rather we are exploring some fresh ideas that will wash up all our confusions. With these ideas we would be able to get a sight of absolute universe. In a sense, we would become the master of the universe.

 

 

2. CONCEPT OF CHANGE

 

 Imagine a ball ‘A’ whose color is getting changed1 slowly. Consider its any three sharply defined states red, yellow and white denoted by Ar, Ay and Aw respectively [figure1 (a)]. Our mind takes Ar, Ay and Aw as three states of same object and not three distinct objects. On the other hand, consider three balls of different colors-red, yellow and white, situated in space in such a way that no two of them are simultaneously visible. Their location is such that eyes have to be removed from red to see yellow and from yellow to see white [figure1 (b)]. Still, mind would not be convinced about the thought that these three are three states of a single object.

 

Whether mind would consider two objects (two states) as two states of a single object (two objects) or not, depends upon the event connecting the two objects (two states). For human mind takes two objects Ar and Ay as two states of a single object, the event connecting the two objects must read like follows. Red no longer exists and yellow   comes into existence via a series of infinitely many in between states. Let us name this kind of events as unifying events. One can get here a clue easily. If we search unifying events for different portions of universe2, then we could see all portions as different states of a single thing called universe.

 

But it is not an easy task. Consider again for example, the situation of figure 1(b). The unifying event here can be the movement of eyes to see A’r then A’y and then A’w. Our mind faces problem in taking event ‘Eryw’ in the case of figure 1 (b) (i.e. Ar’ no longer exist and Ay’ comes into existence via movement of eyes and then Ay’ no longer exist and Aw’ comes into existence via movement of eyes] as unifying event due to following reason.

 

    Eyes are a part of our body. By body we mean, that group of objects (portions of universe) among which ‘excellent’ communication system exists. Though, each and every portion of universe is in excellent communication with every other portion of universe. And we cannot assign grades to their extent of communication. Still, in some groups extent of communication seems better than that in others3.

 

 We will discuss later in this presentation about why this is so. At this point we simply notice the fact that groups in which one ‘master point’ exists (mind, in case of living-beings) which rules all portions of group, seem having excellent communication. We shall later see that this master point could be found for any group of objects (portions of universe) and hence the ultimate group of objects (universe) can be seen as one body. The master point in this ultimate case would be called as ‘Godly point’ or simply ‘God’.

 

Coming back to the case of figure 1(b), the movement of eyes cannot be taken as unifying event because the observer (mind) is infected with a prejudice. Being the master point of the body, it cannot take event associated with its ‘own object’ (eyes here) as the event connecting ‘other objects’ (balls here). Also, it is indigestible to mind that A`r  no longer exists. This is again due to the reason that mind has special attachment with eyes. A`r can be retrieved simply by moving eyes in opposite direction i.e. without doing any work on surrounding [Due to special attachments, mind can not count eyes in surrounding].

 

So, a relationship, as simple as exists between two states of a single object, can be found between any two portions of universe. The task mandatory to find out this relationship is to discover unifying events. It is impossible to find unifying events, which are digestible to usual mind, for all objects.

Digestible events cannot be found, so the only option left is to strengthen digestive capacity of mind. This means nothing but compromise over usual sense of mind.

 

3. CONCEPT OF FUNDAMENTALITY

All our efforts to find ultimate reality have been based on the assumption that human mind can know the universe completely. We do not know at this moment about the extent to which this assumption is correct. But the best thing about this assumption is that the term ‘human mind’ is broadly defined.

 

Human mind is in a state of continuous development at least in terms of knowledge. This increment of knowledge comes as a result of activation of newer function of mind in a time span from as short as a few seconds a learner takes to memorize a formula, to as long as a few generations humanity takes to create a formula.

 

We have not put any limit to the development of mind in defining it. So mind can go to any measure of development needed to know the universe. The mere condition is that it should not get so much developed that it is no longer a mind. I hope this statement does not sound funny, as we have already discussed about unifying two different objects.

 

So in spite of broadness of definition of mind, the fact is that we are relying on human mind to know the universe. Human mind is a portion of universe and there is infinite number of such portion possible. Belief in the capability of mind to ‘observe’ the universe completely must be accompanied by the belief that each and every portion of universe can observe the whole universe. Here, the use of word ‘observe’ needs some explanation.

 

All portions of universe are in communication with the rest universe in different ways. We have given names to the ways of some portion of universe we are familiar with. For example eyes ‘see’, ears ‘hear’, skin ‘touches’, tongue ‘tastes’, mind ‘know/ imagines/ analyzes’ and so on. For a random portion of universe we shall simply use the word ‘observe’. Use of the word ‘observe’ for the portion we are familiar with (eyes, ears etc.) will help us to see these portions in general context. It will help us in getting over the prejudice of mind which in turns means getting out of the horizons of usual mind.

 

Coming back to the point, we are logically bound to believe that all portions of universe are capable of observing the whole universe. If all portion of universe observe the same thing (i.e. the whole universe) then what criteria one should use to distinguish these from each other? They observe the same thing means they are the same thing. Because we are familiar with the concept of relativity according to which no two different observers in this universe can have exactly same observation. We can easily make a conclusion here. There can be only one portion of universe, which can observe the whole universe. Or in absolute sense, we cannot divide universe in portions. A try to describe a portion of universe would lead us to describe the whole universe. We shall later name ‘universe in absolute sense’ as ‘the Godly universe’.

 

There is no ground to the belief that mind is that special portion of universe which is capable of knowing the universe absolutely. So even if we achieve all heights of mind development, the universe we can know is the universe observable from a particular corner. We can only wish that the corner representing human mind were the special corner from where whole universe is observable. But we must bear in mind that in order to observe the whole universe, we might have to see developments from even outside the horizons of mind.

 

We shall here do whatever is necessary to gain absolute knowledge. What if that absolute vision requires a drastic change in mind? And this much change can be done by a few words of this paper. The fundamentality concept can be the enough support for this belief.

 

Consider an object O1 as observed and described (?) by an infant mind. By ‘infant’ mind we mean a mind, which has not observed anything before. In a sense it is empty (knowledge less). If we ask this mind to describe O1 then its answer will be like ‘I am observing O1.’ ‘But what is O1?’ ‘O1 is O1’, its answer will be.

 

As soon as this mind observes another object O2, comparison being it’s characteristic, it starts doing comparison between O1 an O2.It finds some common things between O1 and O2. These common things become the base of its descriptions now. For instance, ‘O1 is of color red and O2 of white’. ‘Color’ is the common thing between O1 and O2. So an object can be said as a composition of a few such common properties (color, figure, smell etc) seen after doing comparison of objects. Let us call it ‘breaking of objects mentally’.

        So O=f (P1, P2, P3… Pn)        where P stands for property.

 

When an infant mind watches physical breaking of an object, it may get inspired to break it more in search of ‘fundamental particles’. Discovery of atom and quarks is a result of the same inspiration

        So O= f’ (p1, p2, p3…. pn)          where ‘p’ stands for particles.

 

This is all about properties and particles we have discovered by doing physical and mental efforts. Cannot some hypothetical properties and particles serve the same purpose? Isn’t it just a matter of changing ‘f’ with the changed variables (P’s and p’s)? There is nothing unreasonable in it except that variables are discovered without efforts.

 

Here one can easily infer that any object or any event can be described in terms of other one or more objects/events. It is just like setting up a dictionary between object/event being described and objects/events being used to describe it.

 

This paper claiming to make the reader understand the universe absolutely can be considered as an object. This object is fundamentally made up of twenty-six letters (and a few more characters). The same object can be translated in any other language. Then it would be said described with number of characters that language has.

 

It is here to be noted that open-reductionism is not digestible to mind. What to talk about expressing an object in terms of hypothetical elements, description of one object in terms of other objects belonging to totally different stream, is not digestible to mind. For example, mind cannot set up a model, which can connect process of DNA replication and subatomic properties.

 

 

‘Wine is made up of only two things-water and milk.’ This statement is false according to our mind. ‘Truth’ and ‘false’ are reactions a particular object mind gives to events. It terms some events as ‘true’ and rest as ‘false’. We know what kind of events is true according to mind (events which occur in testimony of mind are true). So reductionism theories can be framed for all objects. But out of all possible theories some would be true and rest absurd (or false) according to mind. We can increase the number of valid theories by stretching the horizons of mind. Stretching horizons of mind does not mean that we should faithfully take false events as true. It simply means to realize that there is a portion of universe possible, which behaves just opposite to mind. And so, according to that portion events labeled as false by mind are true and vice versa.

 

4. CONCEPT OF CAUSALITY

Causality is the criterion our mind use to label events as true or false. The same criterion makes the boundary of isolated field of knowledge generated by mind. Let us go at the root level of this concept.

 

Again consider an infant mind observing its first event/object. (Existence of object is also an event). This observation brings a change in mind. Changed mind does change nearby objects [most nearby are other parts of body]. Soon it starts observing another event along with the previous one.

 

If we convert above description in the language of a knowledge full mind, it will sound as follows. The first observation of infant mind arise curiosity in it. Following that curiosity, mind orders parts of body to work out to calm it. The final result is the discovery of another event which is ‘the’ cause of previous event (it is actually ‘a’ cause as it is one of infinite causes. But this is the cause, which satisfies mind).

 

Comparing two descriptions, we can easily understand that causality is something associated with the mind (which is nothing special but a particular portion of universe). It is the way our mind behaves in a surrounding. Analogous to it can be considered a metal piece kept in a relatively hot surrounding. Its characteristic is, to get hot (action of surrounding on it, analogous to mind get curious) and then to emit radiations (its reaction to surrounding, analogous to working for discovery).

 

The debate again can be about assigning any event as the ‘cause event’ of any ‘effect event’. The conclusion again is that it needs stretching of horizons of mind. Only those events would be truly the cause event (or digestible to our mind), which have been discovered following physical and mental efforts done in testimony of mind.

 

Our most of the observations are supported causally by radiations (particularly light). In fact, we can explain all events in terms of radiations. For example take irreversible processes.

 

Consider a block moving on a rough table. It eventually stops and the system warms up. The kinetic energy of block gets converted into internal energy of the block and the table. Is the process exactly reversed to it possible? If we heat the block and table system, can the system cool down and block starts moving on the table with the same velocity? The answer is yes. The theory what we name as the radiation theory tells the way it can happen.

 

A causal description of above said events according to radiation theory will sound as follows. A particular pattern of invisible radiations is falling on the block ‘because’ of which it is moving. This pattern slowly gets changed due to its interference with the radiation pattern being emitted out from table. Eventually the pattern falling on the block becomes such that ‘because’ of it the block stops. The pattern of radiation being emitted out from the system also changes. System heats up now so that the pattern being emitted out contains some ‘hotter radiations’. It is here to be noted that radiations are not hot. Actually the meaning of pattern for us is ‘hot’. By doing observations, we can discover a whole new language-the language of radiations. Then it would be just a matter of checking out dictionary to know what pattern of radiations means what?

 

Now take the process just reverse to it. Block is kept at rest on table. We wish to move it by heating the block plus table system. Law of conservation of energy supports our wish. But this wish cannot be fulfilled. Because by heating the system we are applying a radiation pattern with the meaning that block is stopped on the table. To move it we should apply a pattern with the meaning that block is started moving.

 

Every radiation pattern affects the object it is falling on in a unique way i.e. every input (of radiations) has its own unique output. This is a fact of facts. Facts themselves are of no use to us. Every new phenomenon we observe, we get a new and unique fact. The use of previously got facts can be done only after looking out a generalization in them and applying it to newly observed phenomena.

 

Here we must bear in mind that law is something extracted out of a few facts. So it can predict something about the new facts. It cannot completely predict a fact. [We are using the word 'fact' in place of ‘event' just to put our point clearly. actually 'prediction' is something associated with a going to occur-event and not with a fact].

In order to predict an event completely, we are required to be flexible with inventing new laws. We reach close to predicting an event completely only when the bunch of laws we have in hands, as a whole become the description of event to be predicted.

 In the example we have considered, the ultimate law governing the reverse process is as follows. A particular kind of radiation pattern with the meaning that the block will start moving when falls on the block it starts moving [the pattern is also told exactly in this law].

 

That particular pattern referred in this ‘law’ can only is known after the occurrence of the event. Then this law would be a fact and hence of no other use but to compare it with a few more facts and derive an imperfect law. For example we can find a pattern ‘p’ with in this pattern ‘P’. A law may sound like follows. When a pattern ‘p’ is found in radiation patterns (P, P’, P’’ etc.) falling on an object, the object may start moving. But the condition with this law, as with any other law is that it may not exactly predict an event.

 

Coming back to the point, the block can be started moving by applying a radiation pattern that means so. When we push the block by physical means, we are doing nothing but applying invisible radiation pattern with the meaning ‘to start’. It would be a miraculous discovery if we devise something, which can generate radiations in the required pattern4. Then we might see events occurring without a physical cause. For example, then we could calm our hunger just by bombarding our stomach with the required pattern. But universe then would not become without a cause. Rather, radiation theory will provide the cause.

 

We can make following conclusion about causality. Causality is the characteristic of mind. Hence, it determines the way a mind reacts to the surrounding. The outside world a mind observes keeps on changing (usually stretching) with the discovery of new things.  Causality paves the way to all these discoveries. For example, an explanation of a few phenomena of current outside world (observable to human mind as a whole) needs some new concepts like ‘dark matter’ and ‘dark energy’. This is the causality which drove mind to believe in these kinds of ‘unobservable things’ (these things are no longer unobservable to us we are ‘imagining’ about these. Imagination is also an observation as per our broader definition). The same drive will soon lead us to observing these things ‘actually’.

The importance of the concept of causality lies in the fact that cause events are something within reach of our actions. We cannot directly carry out ‘effect events’. So we do action to make a ‘cause-event’ occur and we get the ‘effect-event’ occurred in turn.

 

4. A FREE DEVELOPMENT OF MIND

How a mind reacts to the surrounding depends upon its present state. Different is the mind; different is the reaction of it to the surrounding. In the process of changing surrounding, mind also changes. We can say that mind has changed not (only) surrounding but (also) itself. It has changed itself being driven by itself. So state of mind at any time is totally determined by its previous states.

 

Series of state of mind at different times can be imagined as a thread. If we have one point of this thread in hand, the whole thread is in our hand as every single point of this thread has complete information about the whole thread. In other words, every state of mind contains information about its previous and next states. This statement is equally true for any portion of universe.

 

Now the critical question is how to decode the information contained in a point. Function representing change in mind, as a whole could be so complex to deal with. We can take mind as a composition of various properties. The change in those properties shall be according to a simpler function. By observing the variations in these simpler functions individually, we can develop an idea about variation in the complex function.

 

For instance, assume that a mind is conservative in nature. The event of change in it will remain biased by its conservativeness. So on the basis of this property; we can know an event horizon. Similarly other event horizons can be known corresponding to other properties. The actual path of occurrence of event can be inferred by keeping in mind these event horizons. It is quite obvious that the actual path of occurrence may go outside some or all event horizons. Figure 2 shows this fact using two horizons. At point where this breach of horizons happens, new and more specified laws need to be introduced.

 

The importance of understanding development graph lies in the fact that one of the infinite states of mind is going to bestow us with complete understanding of the universe. We do not know exactly where that state of mind lies. We should be open enough to break the horizons because it is not necessary that that state of mind will fall with in some horizons. Breach of one horizon means creation of another broader horizon. Development of human mind has seen innumerable breach of horizons. So much is the number of opinions existing that presently we have horizons extending in numerous directions (here directions does not mean directions of space. Rather, various directions have various definitions). This is the case when we talk about human mind as a whole. However individual minds are influenced with their individual opinions and hence they proceed with in their corresponding rather confined areas. This research has been done not to create new horizons but to make a way which satisfies all the horizons, those have been created and those yet to be created.

 

 

 

5. LIGHT: MAJOR CONTENT OF OUR UNIVERSE

For an infant mind, its universe is nothing but clusters of matter located in space. Causality- the inherent characteristic of mind; grows its understanding. With growing understanding, it gets enabled so as to observe new things. Light is one of the most significant thing human mind has discovered in its journey of development. If existence of ‘our’ universe is considered as an event then light is the most significant cause of this event.

 

The universe we observe looks very complex. Human beings have been involved in efforts to find out something fundamental in terms of which everything can be explained. We have seen formerly that the universe cam be explained even in terms of a single thing. Let us denote that single thing as Xo. Xo should have properties something like follows.

 

Description of events in term of something hypothetical is of no physical importance. So Xo should have an actual existence. It should be existent in such a way that it can be seen attached with every event. It simply means that Xo should be present everywhere in our universe, When Xo is observed with different events, different should be the observations. These observations would be used to describe corresponding events. In these descriptions, standard would be the observations when Xo is not seen without an event. Those mean, fundamental characteristics of Xo would be used as standard.

 

At least for the universe visible to us, light has above properties. And as we have seen, if we can set up a radiation language, then radiations can be that single thing for the whole universe observable to us.

 

Whether light gets reflected, absorbed or both after falling on an object depends upon the nature of object. So light coming after interacting with an object (or light emitting from an object) carries information about nature of object. Our eyes catch the same information and pass it to our mind where it is decoded. The most important and beautiful thing about light is that it interacts with every portion of universe in a unique way. Thus, there is no event possible in our universe which light cannot carry information of.

 

We must bear in mind that light is something, which we use as information of outside world. Actually, we are naturally intended to do that. We naturally have a scale set up in mind that gives us the measurement of outside world. This scale actually ‘measures’ light coming from outside world.

 

Beside this natural ability, we can study light to come up with principles. Insertion of these principles in mind is nothing but increment of capability of mind to decode light signals. Devices made on the basis of these principles work as helping tools for mind. They help us to know the outside world in deep by doing nothing but reading light signals deeply.

 

Study of light creates a very interesting situation. That is, we start comparing it (light) with something we are known about because of it (light) only. We observe phenomena like ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ with the help of light.  Interesting part comes when we start analyzing whether light (something which tells us what ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ are) has particle like or wave-like character.

 

Actually light is a signal that carries information about particles as well as waves. Consider interaction of a thing X whose character (particle-like or wave-like) is not known, with a particle P. we know a principle from our previous observations that if a particle interact with particle, a phenomena Pp is observed. Otherwise a phenomenon Pw is observed. Assume for a moment that Pp is observed. It means something (let us say X) with particle like character has interacted with P. We get to see via light coming from X that X has interacted with P. 

 

Now take the case when X is interacting with P from a distance. It is doing so via light. For us, the same light becomes the signal telling that X is not visible to us. We are only able to see light falling on P and on our eyes. [It simply means that light coming from X does not have information about looks and location of X] Would this case make us conclude that actually light is interacting with P. This interaction leads to phenomenon Pp, so light is particle-like in nature? This conclusion is simply wrong. Actually, light is neither interacting with P nor it is particle like. It contains information about a particle-like thing, which is not visible. At least in the universe observable to us presently, we should conclude like this. We must make a conclusion keeping in mind that light is an information for us about our universe. These statements can be clearly understood by comparing these with following statement we have already made. ‘The radiations are not hot; actually the object emitting these radiations is hot. Radiations just carry the information about it.’

 

So study of light in a way we do study objects is a confusing task. It is possible only after we discover something that can be used as signal carrying information about light. This discovery seems to be a difficult job as then universe would be totally different. In that universe, we would be observing only light via that something new, carrying information about light.

 

6. OTHER UNIVERSES

Light travels with a speed ‘c’ in vacuum. So in the universe explainable by light, no object can exceed this speed. If an object travels with a speed more than ‘c’, then its information cannot be contained in light. To observe that object we need something having speed greater than ‘c’ as an information carrier. Let us denote that something by ‘C’. If information carrier is new, then the bunch of principles whether naturally set up in mind or inserted ‘artificially’, used to decode that information should also be new. These two sets of principles (of usual universe and universe of C’s respectively) should be kept in mind separately. Mind should be capable of using any of these two when need arises, without confusion. As necessary for anything in terms of which universe is explained, ‘C’ should be present everywhere in its universe. That would allow as to do away light and do catch ‘C’ whenever we need to observe an object with speed greater than that of light. Observation of the object with speed greater than ‘c’ would then be as easy as to switch on to principles corresponding to ‘C’ and decode information carried by C’s with the help of those principles.

 

But it is not as easy as it sounds. The two sets of principles may be totally in contradiction with each other. For instance, according to one set of principles a bird flies away because of throwing stone towards that. While the other set of principles may say that stone is thrown because bird has fly away.

 

It does not mean that in the world of C’s, effect precedes cause. Actually the event, which is a cause event in usual world, becomes the effect event in C’s world. All the observations of C’s world when seen with principles of usual world are absurd. For example, a person dies before she is born and so on. These observations are absurd as long as new principles are not knowable to mind. When the usual mind is kept in the unusual world of C’s, it automatically develops a sense to admit new observations.

 

Presently, human mind is moving towards discovering things with velocities greater than ‘c’ with a satisfactory pace. Lot of confusions our science has gained, are just a result of that quest.

 

For instance, consider a very important approach of modern science. We know that light travels with a finite speed. Light carrying information about an event takes a finite time to reach to us. It means the event ‘actually’ occur a finite time before we actually observe it.

 

There is one more thing we should pay worry about. Light loads itself with the information about an object after striking the object. In this process the object may get disturbed. This disturbance is significant in case of micro-objects like electrons.

 

So what we observe through light is a disturbed object. Observation would have different had there been no light. We can know the effect of light by studying its properties and then this effect can be subtracted to get a ‘pure’ observation. This approach should not be said as ‘observation without light’. It is actually decoding light signals in deep by using extra principles derived from study of light.

 

Firstly it sounds silly that we want to do away light (something with the help of which we can observe) from our observations. But these kinds of efforts are dragging humanity towards discovery of particles moving with infinite speeds. That discovery would bestow us with the capability to observe an event at the time it actually occurs at its place.

 

Now our presentation is at the stage where we start getting sight of broader universe. Human beings are still unable to imagine the horizon of universe explainable with the help of light. Now we know that there may be infinite number of universes depending upon the major content of them. Major content in our universe is light. In other infinitely many universes, major contents are things different from light. Those universes are visible to ‘mind’ in its different stages of development.

 

We can imagine the development of ‘mind’ with time as an infinitely long thread. Mind that observes universe filled with light is nothing but a length of a few centimeters on this thread.

 

It is worth noticing here that when we imagine development of ‘mind’ as infinitely long string, then ‘mind’ is most broadly defined. Actually nothing can be said about this ‘mind’

Except that it can have all possible observations of all possible universes. Different states of this single thing named ‘mind’, observes different outside universes. So it is its observations, which should be used to describe it.

 

Though, we have got a large image of universe with the help of concept of replacing major content of universe. Still a larger image of universe might be out of reach of our mind. Our confined mentality might be still imagining change of major content as a change in ‘matter’. If we try to come out of materialistic boundaries, then a broader universe becomes visible to us.

In language of mind, we say that ‘matter’ of other universes (other than the universe filled with light) may not be like usual matter we are known of. Leave the idea to describe matter of other universes, as we cannot do that. What we can do with our mind is to admit that there is an infinitely extending range of variety of matter. Out of this infinitely long series of various kind of ‘matter’, a very little part is observable to us in the form of usual matter. Rest part of this series (which is almost the whole series) is ‘zero’ or ‘nothing’ for us. If we call the existence of the complete universe (Godly universe) as an event and occurrence of this event as play, then our existence is very insignificant part of the play. The usual matter and our universe come into play right at big bang. This is not the start of the play. Rather play was continued before this small part and will continue after this small part.

 

Getting more enlarged mentality, the play may not proceed in so simple way. If this whole series is scaled from minus infinity to plus infinity, then we may imagine this play as proceeding uniformly over this scale out of which a small range (let us say -10 to +10) is of usual matter. This may be more complex. For example, may be there is even a series of these small parts (a small part means an era between a big bang and big crunch). That is, universe oscillates between eras of expansion and contraction. The play is continued before this series of eras and will continue even after it.

 

We (can) think and observe only a part of the play in which usual matter exists. Our observations about it have enabled us to formulate laws about it. As from now, we start thinking about the play before and after this small part, we may start having useful observations of rest play. If nothing more is achieved, we can increase the size of part of play we know laws about. If we find laws applicable even a little before of big bang and after big crunch, then we may feel more eased as far as puzzles associated with ‘origin of our universe’ is concerned.

 

 7. FREE OBSERVER

We describe the usual mind as something of shape like a walnut. But who knows (observes) that mind has walnut like shape? This ‘who’ not only observes what walnut like mind observes, but also observes an object (mind) of shape something like a walnut. This mean, if walnut like mind observes universe ‘U’ then the universe observable to that ‘who’ is broader than ‘U’. And it is ‘U’ plus walnut like mind. The universe, which includes walnut like mind, is not being observed by walnut like mind. It is being observed by something undiscovered. This undiscovered is not described by its looks (as that too require an observer which would obviously not described in terms of its looks). It is described in terms of what it is observing.

 

This undiscovered does not remain so for long. Being driven by causality, the already discovered mind works and soon it discovers the undiscovered. This is another sort of matter that this undiscovered is found to be nothing but a newer function of already discovered mind (of shape walnut like). After getting discovered, this new thing becomes the part of universe. Then the new universe (universe including recently discovered thing) would be observable to another undiscovered thing. And this process of discovering undiscovered things continues.

 

Let us call this undiscovered thing which observes its corresponding outside universe as ‘free observer’. This free observer sees its outside universe as one body. So it is the master point for its universe. We can feel this ‘free observer’ by forgetting ourselves. When the ‘free observer’ is active, it sees body as an ordinary part of universe and not a special thing. Then we observe communication between every portion of universe as excellent as walnut like mind observes among different parts of living beings’ body.

 

It is here to be noted that walnut like mind was also a free observer in its undiscovered state. The very infant walnut like mind (lacking in any advanced function) observes only its body. So it is ‘master point’ or ‘free observer’ of its universe (which is nothing but the body).

 

To clear the concept of ‘free observer’ take example of newly born baby. She does not have any sense of her body. So her body is in undiscovered stage. Whatever the body observes is a universe whose free observer is the whole body (and not her mind) just like a mind feels itself master of its universe, the body is master of its own universe. It does not observe its universe as a group of things. Rather, the whole universe observable to it is a single thing for it, which is sending information to it and receiving information from it. As the baby starts getting sense, the free-observer replaces it with next5 free-observers. The walnut like mind of the baby is one of next free-observers.

 

  8. WHAT EXISTS ACTUALLY?

Consider the time when different islands on earth were not connected with each other. Navigators were moving in random directions and discoveries were being made incidentally. Suppose that a navigator starts journey from a place ‘A’ and reaches to ‘B’. He notes down the path he moves on. The discovery of ‘B’ gives him a fact. It sounds like follows. If a person situated at ‘A’ does a particular kind of activities (which is nothing but moving on the path discovered), she could be able to observe ‘B’.

 

Then a number of such facts can be known telling what people at different places should do to be able to observe ‘B’. Talking in common language, these facts tell what path persons situated at different places should follow to reach to ‘B’.

 

These facts could be easily remembered by compiling these in the form of a model. Our minds are naturally intended to make this model. We assign co-ordinates to ‘A’ and ‘B’ by setting up a co-ordinate a system. Scales are introduced into this system based on the facts. So fact file is converted into a geometric model that can tell what path a person located at a particular point should follow to reach to ‘B’.

 

So a geometrical model, naturally made by mind, makes us to imagine that different points exist at their definite positions. For instance, according to the current model we are having, objects like moon have their definite position. We are naturally intended to believe that moon exists ‘actually’. We can observe it anytime by doing activities according to the corresponding fact (i.e.

Just watch the sky at night and see the moon).

 

Conclusion is that what we call as ‘reality’ is nothing but a geometrical model of many closely related facts. This conclusion is more knowable in the light of concept of particles moving with infinite speeds. In that case, distance and space would have no meaning. A point can denote whole universe then.

 

This kind of model enables us to observe broader universe at a time. We do not watch moon every time. By this model, we know what we shall have to do to watch the moon.

 

Beside these facts, which can be relived, there are many facts, which could not be relived. These facts are said to be about things ‘located’ in past. An event, which cannot be reoccurred, is said to be a past event.

 

Apart from the events we relive, we make new observations too. Events that are yet to occur are termed as future-events. Co-ordinates of a geometrical model that covers only events occurred (those have given us facts) and reoccur able are called co-ordinates of space. On the other hand, a model which covers only events occurred but not reoccur able and events yet to occur are called having time co-ordinates. Co-ordinates of model covering all above said events are called time-space co-ordinates.

 

Our mind faces a logical obstruction in admitting that observations not reoccur able and yet to occur are also a part of reality. This obstruction can be slightly removed by inventing methods to predict6, 7 yet to occur-events. Then mind may develop a sense that future events have a definite location in time-space co-ordinate system. Another way to challenge this obstruction is to broaden the definition of term ‘observation’. Merely what eyes see is not said as observation, as we have marked earlier. Imagination of mind is also a kind of observation. An imagined event does also have an existence. It does also have a definite location in let us say a five dimensional co-ordinate system. Fifth dimension is introduced to justify that a false imagination has no co-ordinates in four dimensions of space-time.

 

9. FINAL PICTURE 

Now we are at a stage of our presentation where we can make a final picture of complete universe.

There are infinitely many universes. Hence, there are infinitely many free-observers corresponding to those universes. On the basis of events joining5 those different universes, we can put all free observers in a series telling which free observer is next to which. If we imagine this series geometrically, then it is not like an infinitely extending thread. Rather it is just a point that can be said infinitely extending and infinitely contracting at the same time. Following is how this is so.

 

Consider any two universes U1 and U2, one next to other. They can be represented joined by a thread. But there also exists a universe U such that U=U1+U2. Let us say it is next to U2. How would it be represented? An area covering U1 and U2 both represents it. And joining U with its next universe U’ would obviously require considering U not as an area but as a point.

 

So there is also a universe, which ‘covers’ all the universes. Universe (or Godly Universe, UG) can be represented as

UG=([{(U1+U2+...)+(U1'+U2'+...)+...}+{U}+...]+[U0]+…)             where U1,U2,UI’,U2’ etc are various universes

 

Important about UG is that there is no universe next to it and those previous to it are included in it. It is like a ‘dead point’ as there is no change possible in it (actually it is defined1 to contain all changes). At the same time it is ultimately alive point as it covers all the changes.

 

A fact about the series of universes may be that the arrow representing progress of series may go towards an inside universe from a universe containing that inside universe. But in the case of ultimate universe UG this fact proves false. Actually this fact is also ‘included’ (and not ‘governing’) in the universe.

 

Definition and description of this universe are too broad to give words to. We can imagine it as a universe, which is made up of all possible dimensions (infinite in number) and all possible things. Any statement given about it could sound philosophical. For example, it is ‘everything’ and ‘nothing’ simultaneously. ‘Everything’ and ‘nothing’ are also relative terms, which are too insufficient to be used for describing the absolute universe.

 

The free observer corresponding to the absolute universe (which can be simply called as God) observes the whole series of universes. It can assign timing to the series. The clock set up by it would be the absolute one. Currently we observe phenomena starting from big bang to big crunch and have a clock defined for this period. This clock is a fragment of the absolute clock. By studying the two clocks collectively, we can increase ability of our observation. Hence a few more fragments of the absolute clock could be discovered increasing the horizons of universe we are masters of.

 

 

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 

Finally I would like to acknowledge support of my father Mr. Mohan Lal Jangra. He supported me in all ups and downs of the path, which led me to do this unique task successfully.

 

11. FOOTNOTES

 

Change is completely a matter of consideration. For example, when we say a ball is changing, thing under consideration is ball. If we consider the ‘changing ball’ as a thing then it is unchanged. We are using the term ‘portions of universe’ as a generalized term for ‘objects’. To get absolute perception, we need to consider portions of universe, which do not behave like objects as well. All objects are portions of universe but all portions of the universe are not objects. In this presentation we shall frequently use these two for each other. Body of living beings is a system of objects in which so excellent system exists that a sense of great unity exists among different parts of system. A few therapies like color therapy work with the same idea in root i.e. applying respective radiation pattern in order to carry out a required event. For instance, a principle of color therapy is that yellow color emits radiations, which can make a mind happy. So using this principle, we can turn a sad mind into happy just by surrounding it with yellow color. Suppose a free observer F1 has its observation domain D1. Another free observer F2 has observation domain D2. An event within D1 is such that it joins D1 to D2. This event is called cause of change of D1 into D2 and F2 is called free observer next to F1. In case of development of human mind, the event connecting two ‘consecutive’ free-observers is discovery of undiscovered by recently discovered thing. An event is predicted if its cause is predicted. Doing away the satisfaction of mind, infinitely many causes can be attributed to an event. If we can predict any of these causes then the event can be predicted. Idea of studying events occurring on earth and the events occurring in the solar system (movements of planets) together is not new. Principles of astrology are results of the same study. Movement of planets is an event which we can easily predict with the help of mathematics. As this event can be considered as a cause of earthly events, earthly events can be easily predicted. The science dealing with the predictions of events can be developed to the extent we wish. Imagine that a co-ordinate system is set up in the solar system. According to the fundamental idea of the science of predictions, solar co-ordinates (co-ordinates of imagined system) determine the way space co-ordinates of an earthly particle changes. If solar co-ordinates are collectively described as f (s1, s2,…s9) and co-ordinates of earthly particle as f’ (x, y,z), then

                            f (s1,s2,…s9)=k. f(x,y,z)                    …….(i)

 Initially, set of solar co-ordinates at a particular time (clocks being as set up in the solar co-ordinate system) and set of space co-ordinates of the earthy particle at a time (measured by clocks set up in the co-ordinate system located on earth) are assumed to be the cause and effect respectively. In this way the time of solar co-ordinate system and that of co-ordinate system of earth is synchronized. Then observations are made and mathematics is worked out {i.e. known quantities (s1,s2,…s9) are used to find unknowns (x,y,z)}.

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About the Author:

Praveen Y. Pparam
S/O Mr. Mohan Lal Jangra
Vill.-Indiwali,P.O.-Devrala,
Tehsil-Tosham,Distt.-Bhiwani,
State-Haryana (India)
Postal Code-127036

Phone no.- +919968977129
+911253281517

email: [email protected]

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mysteries of universe, origin of life, unsolved questions of physics, what is god, parallel universes, causality, the absolute truth, black holes, light particle or wave, uncertainty principle, speed of light

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Praveen Y. Pparam
S/O Mr. Mohan Lal Jangra
Vill.-Indiwali,P.O.-Devrala,
Tehsil-Tosham,Distt.-Bhiwani,
State-Haryana (India)
Postal Code-127036

Phone no.- +919968977129
+911253281517

email: [email protected]


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Boston, MA (PRWEB) September 4, 2008

CollegeWeekLive (http://www.collegeweeklive.com), today announced that it has opened online registration for its Fall virtual college fair, which will take place on November 12 and 13, 2008. CollegeWeekLive connects thousands of high school students and their parents with hundreds of colleges around the world through a live, interactive online environment. The CWL experience offers unparalleled content to help students plan for, get into, pay for, and attend college, featuring 60+ live video sessions with college experts, current students, and college admissions counselors.

Featured in Newsweek, The New York Times, Seventeen, The International Herald Tribune, and USA Today, CollegeWeekLive has been described as “The Green College Road Trip.” CollegeWeekLive enables admissions officers to experience all of the benefits of a physical fair – meeting students and parents – without travel and leaving no carbon footprint. At the same time, faced with rising fuel costs, students and parents can speak live with colleges across the US and abroad without expensive travel.

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Scholarship Contest Is Now Open

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CWL YouTube Video Contest Launches     

To allow students to show their creative side during the admissions process, CollegeWeekLive is also launching an additional cash giveaway, the “CollegeWeekLive YouTube Video Contest” Everyone’s college search is unique and the search process can be stressful, fun, exhausting, or exciting. Students can grab a video camera and in 90 seconds or less share their admissions experience. The most entertaining and creative video – as voted on by students – will win ,000. For more details, including how to submit a video, visit: http://www.youtube.com/collegeweeklive.

CWL Participating Colleges Continues to Grow

The November 2008 event will feature an expanded program, new resources, double the number of attendees, and many more universities than previous CollegeWeekLive events. For the first time, CollegeWeekLive expands beyond North American 4- year colleges, adding community colleges, universities from Europe, Australia, and online schools. Confirmed colleges include:

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CollegeWeekLive is a unique virtual event designed to allow people involved in the college admissions process (students, parents, teachers, counselors, colleges and universities) to connect and successfully interact with one another in ways that are impossible at physical events, through powerful Web-based software and services. PlatformQ, the producer of the CollegeWeekLive, is a company whose mission is to leverage the accessibility of online events to connect individuals, companies and organizations – across North America and internationally– who might otherwise not be able to travel to physical events or communicate with leading experts or thought leaders.

CollegeWeekLive and PlatformQ are trademarks of PlatformQ, Inc. All other trademarks or service marks are property of their respective owners.    

Press Contact: Patrick Rafter, [email protected], 617-901-2697

###





the arts tower [university of sheffield - england]


Image by Paolo Margari
The Arts Tower is a building in Sheffield, England that is part of the University of Sheffield. At 255 feet (78 m) tall it is the tallest building in the city, just slightly taller than the 250 foot (76 m) Royal Hallamshire Hospital nearby. It is also the tallest university building in the UK.
Designed by architects Gollins, Melvin, Ward & Partners, construction of the tower started in 1961 and lasted four years. The design was inspired by the Seagram Building in New York City, although the Arts Tower is roughly half the size. Entry to the building was originally made by a wide ‘bridge’ between fountains over a shallow pool area in front of the building. This pool was eventually drained and covered over when it was found that strong down drafts of wind hitting the building on gusty days caused the fountain to soak people entering and exiting the building. An alternative design for a rotunda-styled cylindrical building was thrown out when suitable curved furnishings were costed.
The building was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother in 1965, it has 20 stories and a mezzanine level above ground. Circulation is through two ordinary lifts and a paternoster lift, one of only a few in the country (source: wikipedia)

sheffield, england

Nothing Universe Theory

Nothing Universe Theory

The Nothing Universe

By Dennis James Huff

Introduction

In this paper, I will discuss and provide logical evidence for a new theory of how the universe began. One that is supported by all of the evidence in support of the Big Bang Theory. This theory is called, “Nothing Universe” theory. During my years of education, I learned the three most popular theories of the day. The most popular of which was, and still is, the Big Bang Theory. The only credit I can bring myself to give the Big Bang Theory is that it is a possibility. I do not make that statement lightly, I have pondered and followed the Big Bang theory for many years. What keeps the Big Bang Theory alive is the scientific evidence that points to it as the most plausible explanation. The question that needs to be considered is, “Is it logically plausible, or plausible for lack of a better theory?” Just as forensic evidence can sometimes point to the wrong suspect, so to can scientific evidence. Just as I am sure there are more than a few innocent men and women in prison, I am also sure that there is a theory or two that remain popular today, simply based upon good research attributed to the wrong conclusions. The one sticking point for me with the Big Bang Theory is the “Before Period”. What existed before the singularity exploded? If it were not for that sticking point, I would have had an easier time accepting the Big Bang Theory; and the “Nothing Universe” theory would not exist. The Oscillating Universe theory is nice, but it has the same problem; assuming there ever actually was a beginning. If the universe has always existed then it is a plausible theory. However; I find it difficult to believe, because something would have had to set this never ending loop in motion. This is not necessarily a true statement. I have a hard time conceiving of how the universe could expand and contract continuously without having been set in motion at some point in the past. This notion points to a beginning at some point in the past. The same holds true for the Steady State Universe theory. The notion that the universe has always existed and will always exist the way it has for all eternity is also a difficult thing to conceive. The big problem with this theory is that we know the universe is not unchanging. It is expanding and continuously changing on a daily basis. Some have suggested that although it is expanding the overall picture remains the same. I disagree, stars are born and die, objects collide, are sucked into black holes, etc. We live in a very active and continuously changing universe. I will provide an in depth overview of all three currently accepted theories followed by “Nothing Universe” theory. I will also provide a brief discussion of God, simply because I believe that the subject cannot be discounted…irregardless of how unlikely the existence of one may be. I know that God is a subject that many people may not want to touch upon. I believe that when considering the beginning of all things the subject must, at the very least, be briefly covered.

What I am about to propose in this paper is an idea that I have considered for many years. It is a theory that I believe in, and has helped me come to a better understanding of our universe. I have spent roughly 15 years considering, and developing this theory. It goes beyond the sticking point of, “the Before Period”. The time before the singularity or the existence of a God. In my opinion there are only two current theories that make sense. There is the “Nothing Universe” theory, and there is the theory of God. The God concept does still suffer from the “Before” problem, but that could just be by design. No matter how hard I rack my brain I just cannot come to any other conclusions. Either the Nothing theory is correct, the correct theory has not been written, or God is responsible for everything. I will also explain this point further. I will do this by outlining a plausible argument for the existence of a god, and why it is so difficult for science to ever destroy the notion of a God. I do not believe fully in a God myself, but the nature of a God makes it virtually impossible to discount its existence entirely. These were the choices I gave myself, and for now I am going to stick with my conclusions. My goal now is to share my theory with the world, and try to provide a full and in depth understanding of this new theory. I believe that this theory neatly ties together all of the lose ends of existence. With a clear understanding of our beginnings, we will be able to gain full insight into the inner workings of our reality. I would also like to say, “Pride of Authorship”. Keep this in mind as you read this paper. New ideas are not readily or easily accepted due to many factors. Pride of Authorship simply put is; outright refusal to believe in a new idea or topic if it threatens an individuals current body of work or belief structure. Denial of a new idea based upon human emotions is not a good way to approach any topic. I simply would like my ideas to be considered, as I have considered other’s ideas and works. I would also like to add that the earth was once flat, ether was responsible for fire, and plate tectonics was an absurd concept. “Nothing Universe” theory may also appear to be an absurd concept, however; I am not seeking belief. I am only seeking consideration.

The Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang theory was first proposed by Georges Lemaitre. He formulated his theory based upon observations of the structure of the universe and from the theoretical considerations at the time. Doppler shift was one of those observations, first measured in 1912 by Visto Slipher. He observed that galaxies appeared to be moving away from the earth. The result was “Doppler shift”. As the objects move away from us, varying wavelengths become elongated and reach us as red light. It is how we know our universe is expanding. Lemaitre considered “Doppler Shift” and in 1931 concluded that if the universe is expanding today then it would be logical to assume that the universe was once very small. You could reverse the expansion until you reached a “primeval atom”. This atom has come to be known as the singularity. As we approach this time in the past the current laws of physics cease to exist the farther back we go. If we were to get as close as possible to this singularity then our laws of physics hold true. When we reach that moment, we reach a point where nothing but the singularity exists. From this point onward the traditional laws of physics do not apply. I believe this point is termed as the “Planck Epoch”. Once the singularity is reached the consensus is that we would perceive an infinitely small and infinitely dense point of pure energy. No one can necessarily explain what existed beyond the boundaries of this singularity. Many believe that nothing existed, but the singularity. We also cannot go anywhere beyond the point of its existence. We do not know where the singularity came from, and we do not know if anything existed before it. The popular view is:

that there was nothing before the singularity

the singularity came into existence

the singularity then expanded instantaneously

 

This is a very important point to consider. Many assume from the title of the theory that the universe began in an explosion. That may have been the belief in the past, but not today. Many tend to view the “Big Bang” as a sudden expansion of the singularity and not an explosion. Imagine a perfect circle on a piece of paper with an 8 inch diameter. Now imagine that this circle expanded outward in an instant to a diameter of 80 inches. This would represent how the universe began. The singularity expanded to create our current universe. Since we know that the universe is still expanding today; one could assume that the big bang is still taking place today. It could also be that the expansion of space has stopped, but the momentum of material has not. We could also assume that it is slowing down, but recent observations appear to show that the expansion is speeding up, and not slowing down.

The two biggest discoveries that have given strength to this theory is that the universe is expanding, and that background radiation exists all around us. This background radiation (cosmic background radiation) is thought to be evidence of a great explosion/expansion, lending support to the Big Bang theory. Other supporting evidence has been discovered, such as;

the abundance of simple elements in the universe, namely hydrogen and helium.

the evolution and distribution of matter in our universe

 

That is not much of a list, but these two ideas and the two mentioned previously seem to be the major supporting topics for the Big Bang theory. Much more work has been done where the conclusions fit into the framework of a big bang universe. This work does not directly prove the big bang, it simply is proven to be so, and also happens to not contradict the big bang. For example, I want to find out how an object appears on a kitchen table. In this instance the object is a glass. Assuming a glass will appear again at some point in the future, I wait around. Eventually, I observe that a person enters the room and places a glass on the table. Now I know how the glass came to be on the table. Now, lets assume there is also a popular theory that we live on a planet. The discovery of how the glass came to be where it was has nothing to do with the theory that we live on a planet. Since the appearance of the glass happened on this planet, it fits nicely with that theory of a planet, but we set out to prove how a glass came to be at that location. We proved that hypothesis without threatening our planet theory. This is an over simplified explanation for a not so simple topic.

Let us consider the evidence for the big bang theory. We know that a bulk of our universe is composed of simple matter such as hydrogen and helium. The majority of our periodic table of elements is composed of elements that make up a very small percentage of our universe. This is because more complex elements must be formed within a high energy environment, in this case a star. The evolution of elements in our universe would look like this;

Protons and electrons came together to form hydrogen

Hydrogen gathered into large clouds of hydrogen

eventually this hydrogen compressed until stars are formed

in these stars hydrogen is fused to form helium

the high temperatures in stars provide a place for more complex elements to be formed

a star dies, explodes, elements are scattered and new stars are born from this cloud

now we have elements to form not only gas giants, but rocky planets as well

 

This is a simplistic view, but paints a clear picture of how matter evolved from the beginning to today. The universe is estimated to be around 15 billion years old, which is plenty of time for elements to evolve. Especially when you consider that it only took life 3 billion years to get us here. That is only a fifth of our universes existence. The other 4 fifths was used in the creation of stars, death, and evolution of elements to bring us to a point where the elements could begin a new evolution. The evolution of life on Earth and perhaps other planets.

Cosmic Background radiation has been witnessed by all of us who have ever listened to an off air radio station, or watched an off air television station. The hissing sound that you hear on the radio is caused by background radiation, and likewise with the fuzz on your off air television screen. It was actually discovered as noise that could not be eliminated during an experiment. Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were working for Bell labs in 1964 when they made the discovery. They were using a super sensitive Horn Antenna to detect radio waves that were bouncing of off echo balloon satellites. They had to eliminate all interference, and were successful for the most part. They could not seem to eliminate a low level hissing sound, no matter how hard they tried. This low level hissing sound turned out to be Cosmic background radiation left over from the birth of our universe. This has been hailed as the fingerprint of the Big Bang theory. It points to a massive event that created our universe. An event that released unbelievable amounts of energy. Although that may be true, and we do know of its existence; it is possible that another event could account for background radiation.

A great deal of research has been done on the subject of the big bang. As with any theory there are some wrinkles that need to be ironed out. All theories have wrinkles and sticking points, some more than others. The Big Bang has remained strong, because it has fewer wrinkles than other proposed theories and hypothesis. This fact coupled with the evidence that has been attributed to it, it will remain the leading theory for some time to come. It is not the first, and will not be the last theory that is held to be true. Even though it may be wrong.

Oscillating Universe Theory

Perhaps the second most believed theory for the beginning of our universe. It was conceived by Alexander Friedman in 1922, and remains fairly intact today. The major sticking point with this theory is the assumption that we live in a closed universe. Presently, most scientist believe that we do not live in a closed universe. I say most, because “I knew a science teacher once who believed that if you had a strong enough telescope you would be able to see the back of your own head!” The easiest way to view this theory is to think of the Big Bang occurring over and over again, each time ending in a big crunch, followed by a big bang. At some point in the past the singularity expanded leading to the creation of the universe. Eventually, the universe began to slow and then contract. Ultimately this universe would end in a big crunch, and then would eventually expand again; leading to a new universe that would end in a big crunch, and so on and so forth. The major reason why this theory was not as accepted as the Big Bang theory is, that many do not see a difference between this theory and the big bang. Why consider the possibility that we are many universes along in the cycle? When we can simply look at this universe, and its beginning and possible end. The conclusion being, that we do not need to focus on a repeating pattern. We may be in the first universe or the 100th in the cycle, it does not matter. What we are interested in is how this universe began, how old it is, and how it will end. This cycle matters to us because we live in it. So, as tempting as it is to consider that this universe is only one in a long line of universes; we have to stay focused on this universe. For this reason, many have chosen to only consider the Big Bang theory. In reality the Big Bang theory would be a subset of the Oscillating Universe Theory.

Steady State Theory

This theory takes a view of the universe as; always having existed, and will always exist. The universe exists today as it did millions, billions, trillions of years ago. There is no beginning, and there is no end. Developed in 1948 by Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold, it was proposed as an alternative to the Big Bang theory. It proposes that new matter is continuously created as the universe expands. This dealt with the notion that our universe was expanding and so new matter would be needed for the universe to remain relatively the same. This theory could not escape observational fact. The universe was changing, was expanding, and there was nothing “steady state” about it.

It was an interesting concept that had its supporters. It still suffers from the same questions that all theories of its kind do. Was there a beginning? Even if the universe has always existed, where did everything come from? How can something have always been when we know that our universe is dominated by beginnings and endings? Conceptually it tried to deal with these questions. We wouldn’t have to consider a “before time” if there was no such time. The same can be said for the end. You cannot have one if the universe will never end. Strangely, “We can conceive of an infinity after a beginning, but not an infinity with no beginning that also has an end.” Does this arise from our linear habit of thinking?

This concludes the three big theories for the beginning of our universe. The Big Bang is the clear fore runner with the other two only having a minority of supporters left. There are many other lesser known theories out their that can be found with a little research by any interested persons.

The Nothing Universe

This theory is not a well known or accepted theory, because it is a new theory. I call it a theory rather than a hypothesis, because the evidence that exists for the Big Bang theory also supports this theory. That is to say that; “My theory accounts for much of what the big bang theory does, as well as some of what the big bang theory does not account for.” If I am articulate enough, I will be able to convey the strengths of this theory, and why it should be considered (at the very least) as a running mate with the Big Bang theory. Perhaps the day will come when the “Nothing Universe” theory will stand alone, but I know how difficult it is to dethrone currently accepted and popularly held beliefs.

We are all familiar with our human concept of nothing. When a bottle is empty, we say; “Nothing is in the bottle”. We know that this is not actually the case. What we are referring to is the fact that what we thought should be in the bottle is no longer there. In order for nothing to truly be in the bottle, the bottle itself would have to contain a vacuum. A vacuum is the complete absence of matter. The only thing that can exist in a vacuum is energy. A vacuum is the true concept of nothing, but it is not the true form of nothing. “What I propose is that our concept of nothing and the true state of nothing are two different things.” The true state of nothing is neutrality. A balance between charges in a perfectly arranged atom. This perfect atom I have named the Nothing Atom. (see fig. 1)

Keep in mind that the above figure may not be the exact structure of the nothing atom. It is merely a representation of how the nothing atom could have, or may have existed. The key point to take from this figure is; that the nothing atom was composed of both matter and antimatter. Each was kept from destroying the other by neutrons with the electrons and positrons occupying different orbital lobes. The arrangement of this atom may have been far more complex than this model that I have proposed. I will explain this atom in further detail in a moment. It may also be that these particles did not exist in an atom. Nothing Universe may have been composed of a sea of particles locked together in a way not to destroy one another. Antimatter and matter being separated by neutrons. I take the view point that the Nothing Atom did exist, and will do so in this theory. It is also important to note that this atom is the very existence, structure, and substance of nothing. There was no beginning, because this atom was the actual state of the universe, before the creation of the universe that we know today. When I say that Nothing existed, what I really mean is that nothing but the perfect atom existed. The nothing atom that permeated all of space. In a sense, the universe we live in today represents the very definition of something (existence), while the pre-universe (Nothing Universe) represented the very definition of nothing. Picture these atoms in an arrangement that allowed for as little free space as possible between them, and occupying all of the pre-universe in all directions. Contrary to the Big Bang theory and the singularity, no free energy existed in this Nothing Universe. All energy was contained within this sea of nothing atoms. So, rather than a singularity expanding out into space, we instead have our universe expanding within a pre-universe. A perfect nothing universe. Our universe contains free energy and a ton of space and is bounded by a universe with no free energy and no free space.

The nothing atom that exists beyond our universe is composed of both matter and anti matter particles joined together and separated by neutrons. The nothing atom is composed of the proton, the neutron, the electron, as well as their anti matter counterparts. They are all locked together and kept from destroying each other by neutrons. I do not know the exact arrangement of these particles in this perfect atom, but that is irrelevant. All that is important is the concept that they are all locked together in this one perfect Nothing Atom. The electron and the positron do not annihilate each other, because they occupy different orbital lobes. Again, I do not fully understand the exact arrangement of this atom; only that it existed. Whatever the perfect arrangement is, this perfectly neutral Nothing Atom is the only thing that existed in the pre-universe and composed infinity entirely. There was no motion and therefore no time, but we can use the concept of infinity to give us an idea of the state of the universe up until the point of the event.

So now we have the perfect nothing universe composed entirely of the neutral and perfect Nothing Atom. All energy is locked up tight in the form of particles making up this nothing universe. Trillions. upon trillions, upon trillions, upon trillions, of these atoms. An infinite sea of atoms in which one can fall apart. One of these atoms in a sea of infinity destabilized and led to the “Event” and the creation of our universe. Something had to happen in just one of these perfect Nothing Atoms to cause it to destabilize. Something had to create a destabilization of one of the particles within the atom to lead to an irreversible chain reaction that would lead to the birth of the known universe. I refer to this as the EVENT. This smoking gun could very well be one of the same forces responsible for radioactive decay. I am referring to one of the Quantum forces that dictate how particles behave on a sub atomic level. These are the Strong Nuclear Force, the Weak Nuclear Force, and the Electrostatic Force. A slight shift in one of these forces could have led to the destabilization of one of these perfect Nothing Atoms. The consequence of this was a chain reaction that would create our universe and continue on forever.

 

The Event

 

The event represents the exact moment when the chaos began. I have come up with a theory to explain this based upon the concept of probability. Statistically speaking, one would have to assume that when you are dealing with infinity; the probability of 1 event occurring is 1 in infinity. That is to say that if an event can occur, however improbable; a chance still exists for its occurrence when infinity is taken into consideration. I will now quote one of my former geology professors, Dr. Eastler, because I believe this quote sums up my concept of the event nicely. He said, “It didn’t have to happen, but it had to happen.” Simply put, it happened because everything exists, and if it didn’t happen than we wouldn’t be around to know the difference. Since we are here, it is safe to assume that something did happen and the “Event” may have been one of those such things. This Event may have been caused by a shift in one of the Quantum Forces. Once this one neutral Nothing atom destabilized, it set into motion a chain reaction that would lead to the greatest single explosion that will ever occur in the history of reality. During this Event more energy was released than all of the energy currently contained within all of the matter in our universe. Some call it “the Big Bang”, I call it; “The Event”. (see fig.2)

This is not a singularity exploding into existence, this is an atom setting off a chain reaction in a sea of perfect atoms. It is not only an expansion of space, it is an explosion of space. This reaction is instantaneous and is, I believe; the only event currently occurring in our universe at a speed greater than that of the speed of light. There are a few possibilities to consider for this. The nothing atoms are arranged so closely together that once the chain reaction begins it is instantaneous. This is why we do not see the light emanating from this expansion of our universe. I propose that if we could travel fast enough and far enough out into space we would eventually come to a wall of energy moving away from us. I would call this the “Event Horizon” but that name is already taken so I will refer to it as the “Creation Wave”. This wall of energy is the boundary between our universe and the nothing universe. On the other side of this wall of energy is the universe as it existed before the event. An endless sea of perfect nothing atoms awaiting their turn to be annihilated by the impending “Creation Wave”. This means that our universe is being born as we speak, and will continue to be born for eternity. This may also explain observations that our universe is not slowing down, but accelerating as it expands outward. The creation wave is essentially pulling the matter behind it outward due to the ongoing expansion, and or the immense gravity of the nothing universe on the other side of the creation wave. Another possibility is that the farther out into space we go, the younger our universe is. This means that the center of our universe is the oldest, while the outer edges are the youngest. Since the creation wave passed through that region of space fairly recently, the outer regions appear to still be accelerating. It may be that the closer we get to the creation wave; matter is flying away from us at greater and greater speeds. This creation wave is a never ending wave of destruction moving away from the center of the known universe at mind boggling speed. This expansion also helps to explain why there is so much empty space out there. The universe we know is expanding outward to fill empty space, where empty space had never existed. A universe full of matter and energy in our universe and matter and energy in the anti universe. That is assuming that an anti-matter universe was created along with the matter universe we live in today. I do consider this possibility. It may also be that matter outnumbered anti matter in the nothing atom, leading to massive explosions of matter anti-matter interactions soon after the event. Eventually matter won out, and anti matter was destroyed leaving us with a matter universe.

I have possibilities to offer as to why we are not blinded by and vaporized by the energy being released by this process. One possibility is that the mass of the nothing universe on the other side of the Creation wave is infinitely great. This causes the light from the event to be bent back towards the nothing universe as the Creation wave moves forward. The second possibility is that the Creation wave is so far away from us now that the light emitted from this event cannot reach our region of space any longer. The only evidence left behind is in the form of Cosmic Background radiation. A third possibility is, that the creation wave is moving so fast; at speeds faster than that of light, that light waves become so elongated that they do not appear in our known spectrum. These incredibly long waves can be found far to the left, on the Electromagnetic Spectrum. These are not radio waves, they are super radio waves. The only real evidence for this event can be found in the form of Cosmic Background Radiation. It is the thumb print of this ultimate atomic explosion. That is not to say that if we develop the capability to look far enough out into space that we may not catch a glimpse or some evidence of this light, but I highly doubt it. We may be able to detect the incredibly long radio waves that may be emanating throughout space. This Creation wave has been traveling outwards at a speed greater than that of the speed of light for well over 15 billion years now. It may not be possible to detect the outer boundary of our universe any longer directly. We may still be able to detect it indirectly. Further supporting evidence for Nothing Universe theory can be found in the evolution of atoms throughout the universe. The closer towards the center of our universe we will find more evolved forms of matter. We should find older stars and celestial bodies. There should be more galaxies and galaxy clusters indicating that this region of space has had longer to go through the processes necessary for these formations. The closer we get to the outer, younger regions of the universe, we should find fewer galaxies and galaxy clusters. That is because this region of space is younger and has not had the time necessary to develop as far along as the older, central region of our universe. One would imagine the center of the universe containing great clusters of galaxies, thinning out the farther away from the central point we move until we reach the large expanses of hydrogen clouds that occupy the outer rim. This, younger region of space would contain hydrogen clouds trillions of light years across. Within these large clouds exists nurseries where young stars are forming and coming to life.

Another event occurred at the exact moment that the Creation wave began its long journey outward and forever. At the exact moment the chain reaction began not just one, but two universes may have been created. This is assuming similar amounts of matter/anti-matter and that as soon as the nothing atom separated that its matter anti matter components occupied separate universes. The first universe is the matter universe and the second universe was the anti-matter universe. These two universes exist on two separate planes that I like to refer to as the “Above” and “Below” planes of existence. The “Central Plane” is where the nothing universe existed in one dimension and in perfect harmony. As soon as the Event occurred the majority of anti matter phased into a new dimension, or plane of existence. Similarly all of the matter in our known universe phased into its own plane of existence. I have designated the matter universe as the Above plane, and I have designated the anti-matter universe the Below plane. This is strictly done to provide a view of how these two universes may exist. This may not be, in reality, the true or exact structure. These are two separate universes, one of which is composed of matter, and the other of anti-matter. (see fig. 3)

 

 

Another way to possibly picture these two universes as existing simultaneously would be to envision all of the matter arranged the way it is in our matter universe. Then imagine that the anti matter that is arranged in the anti-matter universe occupies the empty pockets of space in our universe. So, if you look out into space now in our universe you will notice that there is a lot of empty space out there. The same is true for the anti matter universe. Matter in one universe occupies the empty space of the other universe and vice versa. We perceive it as empty space, because the other universe exists on a different plane of existence/ a different dimension. This is one other possibility. This model may also help to explain why there is not enough matter to account for gravity. Dark matter has been suggested to attribute for this gravity/visible matter disparity. It may be that even though anti matter exists in another dimension, its gravitational influence may still be felt in our dimension and vice versa.

A link may also exist between these two planes. This link can be found in the form of a black hole. A black holes gravity is so intense that it literally punches a hole into that other dimension. Just as anti matter is spewed out into our matter dimension from a black hole; I believe that matter is spewed forth from the same black hole into anti-matter space. A black hole may represent a bridge between these two dimensions. If you can imagine a matter black hole bridging the gap and creating a wormhole that is linked to its counterpart or anti matter black hole. Perhaps they are one and the same or perhaps they occupy the same space at the same time. These two black holes being linked by a stable wormhole or perhaps black holes are connected to white holes. Perhaps white holes exist in both the matter and anti matter universes as the outlets or the transfer between the two universes. (see fig. 4)

 

Black holes also share a very common link to the state of the universe in the very beginning and that is its very intense gravitational field. This field exists due to the sheer quantity of matter contained with in a small amount of space. The difference is that there was no free energy in the neutral universe, all energy was locked up in particles contained within the perfect atom. If there were any free space in that neutral universe, no doubt the gravity would be of a strength we have never before witnessed. A super black hole would pale in comparison. Clearly these are possibilities to be considered.

The state of our universe today is that of chaos in an unbalanced universe. The same is true in the anti matter universe, if it exists. The universe that we know today is trying to return to that neutral state. That is why atoms strive for balance. It may also explain why elements seek a lower state of energy. As elements become heavier and heavier, they take on a radioactive nature. Elements such as plutonium and uranium seek a lower energy state by emitting alpha, beta quanta, and gamma rays. An internal or external energy event is all it takes to set radioactive decay into motion. Once it is completed, a lower energy state particle is left behind. The first is referred to as the Parent Nuclide with the lower energy Daughter Nuclide left in its place. Quantum physics governs this process. The three forces that govern the subatomic world are the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the electrostatic force. One of these forces may have been responsible for the “Event” that was started by the destabilization of one of the perfect Nothing Atoms. The elements that exist today are thanks to this destabilization. Much the same way one of the 3 sub atomic forces are responsible for certain types of radioactive decay. The process would go like this;

One of the 3 quantum forces destabilized 1 nothing atom

energy was released to the surrounding atoms

this energy release led to an infinite and never ending chain reaction

the creation wave continued outward forever

 

What was left behind were protons, neutrons and electrons in this universe, anti-protons, neutrons, and anti electrons in the anti universe. If an anti universe does not exist than perhaps this region of space is only dominated by matter with other galaxies being composed of anti matter. Our universe would then contain galaxies and galaxy clusters composed of matter, while others are composed of anti-matter. Either way, the evolution of matter would play out the same way. It is reasonable to assume that the laws of physics would remain the same for both a matter or an anti-matter universe. Since anti matter is nothing more than mirror particles with opposite charge. Protons and electrons would come together to form hydrogen. Hydrogen would condense to form stars. Helium and other elements would form in these stars, creating the universe as we see it today. In a sense our elements were the first things that began to evolve in our universe, ultimately leading to the elements necessary for the evolution of life. In this way a clear picture can be drawn with particles forming elements, elements forming planets, and elements combining in a new way and in a new environment to give rise to life. On earth, elements came together to form single celled organisms and from their life evolved.

It takes large amounts of energy to create the higher elements on the periodic table of elements. Elements continuously seek a lower energy state. The lowest energy state for any element is the proton and the electron. Yes, hydrogen. These components were once locked up as part of the nothing atom. Since we know that hydrogen and helium are the most abundant elements in the universe than it is safe to assume that large amounts of energy were needed to lead to the creation of the higher elements. Why then do we assume that a particle created and then detected in a lab existed in the beginning of the universe? Yes, they exist, but not necessarily independent of the Nothing Atom. The big bang theory supposes that a singularity existed. This singularity was nothing but pure energy and it was soon after the expansion that these exotic particles existed and disappeared as the universe cooled. That is one possible view. Another view may be that, the universe was very cold in the beginning. All free energy was locked up tight, and these exotic particles only existed as the subatomic constituents of the particles that made up the Nothing Atom. If they exist today we may find them emanating from stars or other high energy events taking place in our universe. Somewhere, where sufficient energy is available to create these exotic particles. The possibility remains that the particles we create in a lab does not necessarily lead us to the conclusion that they existed during the birth of our universe. We know of their existence because we create and observe them in a lab. We as human beings have created many things that did not exist until we arranged their elements to make them so. Wood has always existed in the form of trees, but it took humans to create a log cabin. We know that subatomic particles exist, but because we detected them in a particle experiment. We know they exist, because we know that protons, electrons, and neutrons have smaller constituent parts. I maintain that every exotic particle we have detected can exist, and may exist, just may not have existed in the beginning of our universe as free sub atomic particles. The subatomic particles that did exist were locked up in the nothing atom in the form of matter and anti matter. The fact that we detect them in a particle accelerator may be due to nothing more than the fact that they can exist independently, and we provide the environment to create them for detection. Subatomic particles in the beginning of our universe were locked up in the perfect Nothing Atom.

Why God can neither be proven or disprove

I myself do not personally believe in God, but I know the possibility will always remain, regardless of how illogical it may seem. If a god is an all knowing and all powerful being than it is reasonable to assume that it could foresee the current debates of today. If faith is as important as it is supposed to be then it would also be reasonable to assume that any God would want to set things up the way they are today to test that faith. A God may set the universe up so that the evidence to the contrary of its existence would be overwhelming. This would require an extreme amount of faith from any believer of that God. Some would call it blind faith, the reality is that faith is what it is. There is no concrete evidence for such a God’s existence. Some may point to the bible or other piece of ancient work, but I would like to ask why Greek gods are relegated to mythology when plenty of ancient writings exist of them? Just as the Big Bang theory is the most popular theory while other theories exist, the same can be said for Christianity, and the Islamic religions. They are the most popularly held theories while other theories of religion exist as well.

It does not matter what evidence a scientist points to as evidence against religion. The fact remains that a God may have set the universe up exactly the way it is to test Faith. A God could have created the fossil record, plate tectonics, carbon dating, red shift, and a whole host of other popular scientific evidences against religion. Heck, a god could have created the universe at this very instant and we would never know it. All of our history having been planted as memories upon our creation. It may also very well be that these same scientific discoveries are nothing more the the discovery of how a God designed and set up the Universe. This is the major dilemma that science faces and will never truly be able to overcome. The same type of argument can be made for religion against science. Since there is no solid or concrete evidence for the existence of a God. Scientists can point to the fossil record, carbon dating, etc and we go round and round. This argument between God and science will forever remain as a stalemate. Neither side can entirely prove or disprove the others arguments.

Conclusions

I cannot say that the universe will never return to the neutral state of the nothing universe. The fact remains that 15 billion years may only be a split second after the “Event” on a universal time scale. We may still be witnessing the very early stages of our universes existence. Perhaps one day events will take place in the universe to allow for a pocket of nothing material or neutral matter to form. Perhaps it will grow slowly over time, creating a new neutral universe inside of an ever expanding universe, surrounded by the first neutral universe. Perhaps this wave of balance and chaos has been going on for some time, and the space that we are familiar with exists between one of these waves. This would be Oscillating Universe application of the Nothing Universe theory. The whole of existence is balanced as pockets of nothing matter within our universe which is growing within the first nothing universe. These processes taking place on such a scale that we cannot even begin to comprehend the amount of time we are dealing with. I personally believe that we are living in the first universe and the only one that will exist. Why deal with Oscillation in this case, when we didn’t with the Big Bang? The matter and anti matter universes possibly existing on separate planes, exchanging matter and anti matter with one another through various processes such as black holes. I cannot conceive of this universe ever returning to a balanced neutral nothing universe again. My belief is that we live in this infant universe, the first to exist in infinity, and will exist in infinity from this point on.

As I stated before though, you can never rule out possibilities. The possibility that matter in our universe will begin to collapse in on itself may occur at some distant point in the future. If the Creation wave gets far enough away from the center of the universe then perhaps its gravitational influence will drop below that of the influence of near by galaxies and all matter in between. The universe could then begin to collapse in on itself, reform the neutral universe and the the event would occur at some point in an even more distant and mind boggling future. Like I said, I envision our universe as expanding inside of the neutral (Nothing) universe. At the same time the anti matter universe is doing the same thing on its own plane of existence, if it exists. Two universe, one to represent the matter universe that we live in, and the other in the anti matter universe. One would have to assume that the laws of physics would exist in much the same way in both universes. I assume it does based on the fact that anti matter should interact much the same way that matter does in our universe.

This is my working theory of the beginning of the universe. It is not concrete, but represents what may have been the state of the universe before the beginning. As with the Big Bang theory, it can be and may be improved upon as time goes on. I also believe that the same evidence that may serve to prove the Big Bang theory may also serve to prove my hypothesis. The evidence is not wrong, they are scientific methods that have been conducted over and over only to come to the same conclusion. The evidence is entirely correct; I maintain that the conclusion that the evidence is attributed to is wrong. Cosmic Background Radiation would be expected in the Nothing Universe Theory. This large explosion of our universe within the nothing universe would leave this background radiation behind. The fact that the universe is still expanding today also fits within my Nothing Universe model. It also provides a possible explanation for why our universe is accelerating outward and not slowing down. Since the reaction is still occurring in the farthest reaches of space, the center of our universe would be moving slower than the outer reaches of our universe. So, when we look further out the faster things are moving outward. The Nothing Universe also accounts for the distribution of elements in our universe. After the event we were left with large quantities of protons and electrons. These particles came together to form hydrogen. Hydrogen formed stars and gave rise to helium, the second most abundant element in our universe. Finally, the evolution and distribution of matter can also be accounted for by the Nothing Universe theory. Large clouds of hydrogen came together to form stars. Helium and higher elements are formed. All the while these stars a clustered together into galaxies based upon distance and distribution. Given enough time we end up with our current state of the universe. THE BIG BANG THEORY IS ACCEPTED BASED UPON CRITERIA THAT I HAVE OUTLINED AND SHOWN TO ALSO SUPPORT THE NOTHING UNIVERSE THEORY. The only logical conclusion would be that it, at the very least; be allowed to stand on equal ground with the Big Bang Theory.

Possibilities

Throughout this paper I put forth many possibilities as to how events may have played out when the universe was created according to Nothing Universe Theory. I have done so, because it would be irresponsible for me to present only one concrete set of events. Room must be left when considering a theory that deals with the creation of the Universe. In the case of Nothing Theory I had to first consider the overall sequence of events, and then try to convey how those events played out. Along with this, I had to also consider all of the many possibilities that may have taken place during each critical step in the theory. I believe that I have done so while still conveying the overall theme of the theory. That being said the following is the outline, as I see it, for the Nothing Universe Theory. Possibilities not included.

The Nothing Universe exists composed entirely of Nothing Atoms. No free energy exists in this Nothing Universe, and free space is limited to the micro spaces between the arrangement of this sea of atoms.

One of the three sub atomic forces (Strong Nuclear, Weak Nuclear, Electrostatic) shifted and destabilized one Nothing Atom. This destabilization caused the Event and led to the Creation Wave. The creation wave is a wall of energy expanding outward from the point of the Event and is traveling faster than the speed of light.

Matter particles remained in our universe while anti matter particles entered the anti matter universe. These are two dimensions that now exist after only one dimension had previously existed.

Protons and electrons came together to form hydrogen.

Hydrogen compressed to form stars. Within these stars other elements were made in smaller quantities. Over time these higher energy elements formed the planets, moons, comets, and other non star objects in our universe.

Galaxies form and within these galaxies solar systems form, and within one of these solar systems the earth was forming. On this planet amino acids formed protein, eventually leading to the first simple cells. From their life continued to evolve.

Fast forward 3.3 billion years and we have life as it exists today. Life that exists within a universe that sprang forth from the Nothing Universe.

 

Dennis James Huff 2008

I own and operate thebuynsell.com. In my spare time i like to write articles based up on topics of interest to me. I find Scientific topics, Social issues, and phylisophical topics are the three main topics i like to write about.


Article from articlesbase.com

On a chilly day in early December 2009, over 120 students from different walks of life at Boston University came together to make a LipDub video to two of Jackson 5′s famous songs: I Want You Back and ABC. As with all LipDub videos, the music video is recorded all in one take, with careful coordination between all of the students to ensure a fluid, exciting video. The video took just over a month to organize and shoot, and it truly was a group effort led by the Kevin Lee, the VP of IFC, Sam Minkoff, the President of Programming Council, and film student Geogia Poirvre, along with cooperation from the university administration, buildings and grounds, student activities office, and many more divisions on campus. Boston University is located in the heart of Boston and is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational research university. BU has more than 4000 faculty members and more than 18000 undergraduate students. Director: Georgia Poivre Producers: Kevin Lee and Goivre Assitant Producer: Samuel Minkoff Director of Photography: Geoff Toomey Day 1: 4722 Views! #74 – Top Favorited (Today) on YouTube – Entertainment #65 – Top Rated (Today) on YouTube – Entertainment Email [email protected] with any questions. Song Credit: Artist: Jackson 5 Songs: ABC and I Want You Back Producer: Motown Record Label: The Corporation All Copyright credit: WMG




Christian Liberal Arts University – Grand Canyon University


Phoenix, AZ (Vocus) May 25, 2010

Christian Liberal Arts University, Grand Canyon University, and the Phoenix Suns teamed up to host Faith & Family Night at the Phoenix Suns, Minnesota Timberwolves game on Tuesday, March 16.

All Grand Canyon University students, faculty and staff were invited to participate in this special evening, which included a post game performance by Christian recording artist Aaron Shust as well as an address from Sun’s players about their faith.

Participants of Faith & Family Night were also invited to enter the arena before the general public and sit in seats in the first five rows to watch players from both teams warm-up.

“This was a great event for our Christian Liberal Arts University,” said Brian Mueller, CEO of Grand Canyon University. “It provided Grand Canyon University’s students, faculty and staff with a unique opportunity and allowed us to share our faith with thousands of fans at the US Airways Center.”

As a sponsor of the night, Grand Canyon University was able to provide its students, faculty and staff with a number of 100-level Lexus Club tickets at a steep discount. GCU was also highlighted throughout the game, which allowed participants to show their pride for their university.

About Grand Canyon University’s College of Liberal Arts

Grand Canyon University is Arizona’s private university. The College of Liberal Arts (COLA) is the foundational college of Grand Canyon University. It has the largest number of faculty members of any college at the university and provides course offerings as diverse as Molecular Genetics and Robert Frost, with majors ranging from Digital Media and Graphic Design to Christian Studies. We are the backbone of what is called the general education core. These are courses that are required for all student degree programs. GCU is a Christian liberal arts university, and the College of Liberal Arts forms the well-spring from which flows the university and its mission.

# # #





World People, Victory, for Ever, Universe III

World People, Victory, for Ever, Universe III

Universe light and dark

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

wickeds, evils, they use small machineries, small weapons, war bacteria, war chemical, atomic weapon control girls and people bodies make aliens, wicked in command of you……….pulling you fire, follow orders

Universe light and dark

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe. And. wickeds, evils, they use small machineries, small weapons, war bacteria, war chemical, atomic weapon control girls and people bodies make aliens, wicked in command of you……….pulling you fire, follow orders.

size of Universe

size of WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

physical mechanism

WORLD PEOPLE PHYSICS UNIVERSE THEORY

Directions in the Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Directions

Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development

Declaration on Space

Declaration WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Declaration Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Universe Declaration

emphasizing the development of Universe

emphasizing the development of WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

knowledge and skills

knowledge and skills WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, knowledge and skills

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries knowledge and skills

Basic Space Science = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Basic Space Science

through the universe, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = through the universe

through the universe = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Uses of Space, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries involved in all the aspects of WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries on the basis of their scientific background and their experience with programmes and projects, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe play a leading role.

All WORLD PEOPLE, all countries’ funds, machineries, facilities use to cover the travel, living and other costs of WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

total specialists, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries in WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

social structure, industry structure support needed to continue the accelerated and development required for participation in WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

accessible areas everywhere, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe in order to promote WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

accessible areas everyplace, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe in order to promote WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Fundamental physical constants = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe in order to promote WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe in order to promote WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Fundamental physical constants

length, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

frequency, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, frequency

wavelength, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe wavelength

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, wavelength

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, moment

moment, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

moment = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

volume, in WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Measureless Quantity WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

cosmological WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe throughout universe

Luminous emission from WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe radio

radio WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

remnant, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, A small part or portion that remains after the main part no longer exists

mass = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = mass

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries light

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, light

light, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, galaxies

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = galaxies

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, extragalactic

clusters of galaxies = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Absolute WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Moon, night sky, sun, and planetary, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

brightness WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

No reduction, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

move, stay WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

stay, move WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Distance, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Any distance, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

The planets, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, the planets

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = the planets

The planets = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

pulse, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, pulse

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = dispersion measure

Blink, winkle, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = blink, winkle

blink, winkle WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

position, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

brightness, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, brightness

variation, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

variation = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

A straight line to another line WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries Star numbers = measureless

measureless Star numbers = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Star counts WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Star counts = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Star counts WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Whole sky, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Whole sky = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Energy, Density, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Energy, Density

clusters = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

radiance WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

monochromatic WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Moon, night sky, sun, and planetary brightness, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, Moon, night sky, sun, and planetary brightness

Moon, night sky, sun, and planetary brightness, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Moon, night sky, sun, and planetary brightness

apparent WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, apparent

Not WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = fictitious

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = true

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, astrometry

Astrometry WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = Astrometry

At the Earth’s center, at the Solar System’s center, at Milky Way Galaxy’s center, or at any other location, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, at the Earth’s center, at the Solar System’s center, at Milky Way Galaxy’s center, or at any other location

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = at the Earth’s center, at the Solar System’s center, at Milky Way Galaxy’s center, or at any other location

radially away from the WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

radially away from WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

umbra, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

No

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, no umbra

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = not umbra

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, implicitly

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = unquestioning

Uncontrolled

Uncontrolled, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

twisting force, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

twisting force, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries equivalently to WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Occurring with no delay, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Occurring with no delay

refraction WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, refraction

light ray WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = light ray

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = light ray

obliquely, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

motion

sunrise, sunset, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

sunrise, sunset, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

The passage of the aliens’ shadow across WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

The passage of the aliens’ shadow across the Earth

The passage of the wickeds’, evils’ shadow across WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

The passage of the wickeds’, evils’ shadow across the Earth

The passage of the aliens’ shadow across WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

The passage of the wickeds’, evils’ shadow across WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

The passage of the aliens’ shadow across the Solar System

The passage of the aliens’ shadow across the Milky Way Galaxy

The passage of the wickeds’, evils’ shadow across the Solar System

The passage of the wickeds’, evils’ shadow across the Milky Way Galaxy

The passage of the aliens’ shadow across the Universe

The passage of the wickeds’, evils’ shadow across the Universe

infinity, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = infinity

Distant galaxy, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Center = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Center = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Source WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Source WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

The process = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = The process

The process = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

line centre circumference circle WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

line centre circumference circle, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = line centre circumference circle

dispersion = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries dispersion

flash of light WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = flash of light

draw, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = draw

draw, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe draw

light background WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

light background WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe light background

Contribution, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Contribution = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Contribution

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Contribution

Contribution = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Contribution

from WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Brightness WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Brightness, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = Brightness

luminosities WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

luminosities = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe luminosities

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = luminosities

assuming WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = not assuming

free-free WORLD PEOPLE all countries

free-free WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

free-free WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = free-free

free-bound WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = free-bound

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = free-bound

free-bound = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

lines, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

lines WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

lines = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe lines

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = lines

abundant WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

abundant, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

abundant = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

extinction WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, extinction

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

crosses WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

crosses, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

crosses WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

peak WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

peak, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe peak

Radio quiet, radio active WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Radio quiet, radio active WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Radio quiet, radio active = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

radiate, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

radiate WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe radiate

sources, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

sources WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

sources, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

sources = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe sources

hardness = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

hardness WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

intensities, freedom, from dilution, vivid in hue WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

intensities, freedom, from dilution, vivid in hue, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = intensities, freedom, from dilution, vivid in hue

Integrated radiation, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Integrated radiation WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Integrated radiation

predominantly WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = predominantly

cosmology WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

cosmology WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe cosmology

infinite WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

infinite, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe infinite

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, infinite

infinite = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

infinite WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

spontaneous, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

spontaneous WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe spontaneous

spontaneous = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

strike = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = strike

strike, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, strike

Enlarge, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Enlarge WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Enlarge = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Enlarge

traversing WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

traversing = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

traversing, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

a flash of light when it WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

a flash of light when it WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

a flash of light when it, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

fluorescence, Light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = fluorescence, Light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = fluorescence, Light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength

fluorescence, Light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe fluorescence, Light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength

matter = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

matter, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

matter = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

matter, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, matter

substances WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

substances = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

substances WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = substances

instantaneously WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

instantaneously WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe instantaneously

distance along, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

distance along WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = distance along

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, distance along

distance along, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

ray, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

ray, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

energy WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

energy = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

energy = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, energy

values = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = values

constants WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

constants, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

constants = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

constants WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries intersection

free path, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

free path WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

free path, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

free path = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

spread, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

spread = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

spread WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

spread = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, spread

sinusoidal WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

sinusoidal = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

sinusoidal WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

sinusoidal = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

sinusoidal, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

spatial, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

spatial WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

spatial WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

spatial, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

spatial = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

peak, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

peak = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

peak, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

peak WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = peak

encircled WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

encircled = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

encircled WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

encircled, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

encircled = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

uniform = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

uniform, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

uniform, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

uniform = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

uniform, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

sky WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

sky WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

luminous WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

luminous, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = luminous

luminous = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

luminous, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

bright spot WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

bright spot = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

bright spot = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

bright spot WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

bright spot, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

blue sky = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

blue sky WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, blue sky

blue sky = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

blue sky, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe blue sky

flash, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

flash = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

flash = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe flash

overcast, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Very dark day, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Moonless, overcast night WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

with a clear sky = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

with a clear sky WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

with a clear sky WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, with a clear sky

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = with a clear sky

responsivity, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = responsivity

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, responsivity

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, responsivity

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe responsivity

responsivity, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

units of power, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

units of power = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

units of power = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

units of power WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, units of power

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe units of power

equation, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

equation WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, equation

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe equation

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, equation

trajectories, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, trajectories

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries trajectories

trajectories WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

trajectories, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

unity WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

unity, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

unity = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

unity WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, unity

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = unity

stokes, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

stokes WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

stokes, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe stokes

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, stokes

aliens, Destroyed by WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, finish aliens

exceed = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

exceed WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = exceed

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries exposure

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe exposure

deaths, aliens, wickeds, evils

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe deaths, aliens, wickeds, evils

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, astrophyics

astrophyics, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, astrophyics

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe astrophyics

matter, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

matter WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, matter

matter WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Universe, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Universe = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Universe

Formula, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Formula WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Formula, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Formula

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Formula

background WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

background = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, background

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe background

background = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

winding, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

winding WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe winding

winding = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

life, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

life WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = life

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe life

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = life

magnetic force, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

magnetic force = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

magnetic force WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, magnetic force

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe magnetic force

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = magnetic force

Energy, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Energy = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Energy WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Energy

Galaxies evolution, black hole, aliens, wickeds, evils are gally

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Galaxies evolution, black hole, aliens, wickeds, evils are gally WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Galaxies evolution, black hole, aliens, wickeds, evils are gally!!!!!!!

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe exist, before Miky Way Galaxy begin

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe exist before Miky Way Galaxy begin

until now WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

until now, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

until now WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Energy release, magnificent sight scene WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Energy release, magnificent sight scene, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Energy release, magnificent sight scene WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

aliens, evils, wickeds are evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

aliens, evils, wickeds = evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon

aliens, evils, wickeds are evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon; WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, aliens, evils, wickeds are evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe aliens, evils, wickeds are evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon

aliens, evils, wickeds are evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

aliens, evils, wickeds are evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, UNIVERSE

Evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon, aliens, evils, wickeds

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon, aliens, evils, wickeds

Evil spirit host, Main demons, agic, monster, demon, aliens, evils, wickeds, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

constant, CONST, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

constant, CONST WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = constant, CONST

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = constant, CONST

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe constant, CONST

Determination, definite, certain, fixed, be sure, make, certain, certainty, confirm, ensure, make sure, ascertain, Ok, vouch = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Determination, definite, certain, fixed, be sure, make, certain, certainty, confirm, ensure, make sure, ascertain, Ok, vouch WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Determination, definite, certain, fixed, be sure, make, certain, certainty, confirm, ensure, make sure, ascertain, Ok, vouch

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Walking in front of Theory, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Walking in front of Theory

eventually discovered, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

eventually discovered WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, eventually discovered

eventually discovered = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe eventually discovered

aliens, wickeds, evils eventually discovered

twinkling at night, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

twinkling at night = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries twinkling at night

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, twinkling at night

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = twinkling at night

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, twinkling at night

twinkling at night = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

twinkling at night, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

twinkling at night WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Energy, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Energy WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Energy = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Energy

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Energy

Energy, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Energy = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Infinite, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, Infinite

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries Infinite

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Infinite

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Infinite

Infinite = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Infinite WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Infinite farness, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Infinite farness = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, Infinite farness

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = Infinite farness

Infinite farness, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Infinite farness

Material Power, matter Power, substance Power, Material force, matter force, substance force, Material strength, matter strength, substance strength WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries Material Power, matter Power, substance Power, Material force, matter force, substance force, Material strength, matter strength, substance strength

Material Power, matter Power, substance Power, Material force, matter force, substance force, Material strength, matter strength, substance strength, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Material Power, matter Power, substance Power, Material force, matter force, substance force, Material strength, matter strength, substance strength = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Phenomenon, appearance, the appearance of things, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Phenomenon, appearance, the appearance of things = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Phenomenon, appearance, the appearance of things

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Phenomenon, appearance, the appearance of things

Phenomenon, appearance, the appearance of things WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Phenomenon, appearance, the appearance of things, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

immeasurable, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

immeasurable WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries immeasurable

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = immeasurable

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, immeasurable

immeasurable = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Region, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Region WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, Region

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Region

Region WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

Space WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Space, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

Space = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe Space

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = Space

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, Space

because of Dust hide Cannot see clearly, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

in virtue of Dust Covering Cannot see clearly WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = because of Dust hide Cannot see clearly

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe in virtue of Dust Covering Cannot see clearly

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = because of Dust hide Cannot see clearly

in virtue of Dust Covering Cannot see clearly, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

in virtue of Dust Covering Cannot see clearly WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

As aliens, evils, wickeds Covering Cannot see clearly, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

As aliens, evils, wickeds Covering Cannot see clearly = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, As aliens, evils, wickeds Covering Cannot see clearly

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries As aliens, evils, wickeds Covering Cannot see clearly

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = As aliens, evils, wickeds Covering Cannot see clearly

As aliens, evils, wickeds Covering Cannot see clearly WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

As aliens, evils, wickeds Covering Cannot see clearly, WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

because of aliens, evils, wickeds Covering invisibility WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, because of aliens, evils, wickeds Covering invisibility

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = because of aliens, evils, wickeds Covering invisibility

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries because of aliens, evils, wickeds Covering invisibility

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe = because of aliens, evils, wickeds Covering invisibility

because of aliens, evils, wickeds Covering invisibility WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

because of aliens, evils, wickeds Covering invisibility = WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

milky, galaxy, milky way, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

milky, galaxy, milky way = WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries = milky, galaxy, milky way

WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe, milky, galaxy, milky way

milky, galaxy, milky way WORLD PEOPLE, VICTORY, FOR EVER, Universe

center WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

center, WORLD PEOPLE, all countries

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries center

WORLD PEOPLE, all countries, center

GuangXing Zhang


Contact:

86-020-81824525

201Rm, 194# Enning Rd. Guangzhou China 510140

[email protected]

http://worldcomputing.bloombiz.com/


Article from articlesbase.com

A short PSA to promote sustainability on Elon University’s campus

Clearwater, FL (PRWEB) January 5, 2008

Becoming a household name for providing graduation memorabilia to High Schools, Colleges, and Universities, Signature Announcements, Inc. shows commitment to the customer by celebrating the schools they’ve provided service to for 5 years.

Signature Announcements, Inc. is confirming their dedication to the customer by recognizing the expanding amount of High Schools, Colleges, and Universities they’ve done business with for 5 years. Swiftly, the corporation is building its reputation as the leader in providing graduation announcements and memorabilia nationwide, and as a result is seeing more schools included on their list of officially licensed products.

Signature Announcements has quickly built their reputation with an identifiable loyalty to the customer, premium materials, publishing, paper, and products that are hand crafted. Through their conservation of persistent customer commitment and unfaltering product quality, the company seeks to include nearly every High School, College, and University to their growing catalog.

Some of the schools that the company is currently celebrating include: Alabama A&M University, Alabama State University, Arizona State University, Auburn University, Central Michigan University, Clemson University, College of Charleston, Colorado State University, Eastern Kentucky University, Eastern Michigan University, Fayetteville State University, Ferris State University, Florida A&M University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Southern University, Indiana University, Iowa State University, Jackson State University, Lamar University, Michigan Technological University, Mississippi State University, Missouri State University, Morehead State University, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina State University, Northern Illinois University, Ohio University, Oklahoma State University, Pennsylvania State University, Prairie View A & M University, Purdue University, Saint Cloud State University, Sam Houston State University, Southern Illinois University, Stephen F. Austin State University, and Tarleton State University.

Signature prides itself on being a leader of principles when it comes to customer dedication, professional products, and fair pricing. Their loyalty to the customer and dedication to quality products has promptly made Signature a leader throughout their industry. Products offered by Signature Announcements, Inc. include: diploma frames, graduation announcements, invitations, and other excellent memorabilia.

About Signature Announcements, Inc.:

Signature Announcements, Inc. is a completely family managed and owned company based out of Clearwater, FL. They have been supplying graduation memorabilia and announcements to graduates across the nation since 1994, and exhibit a dedication to helping seniors commemorate their graduation in style. The company provides officially licensed products to various schools throughout the country and is consistently building their list of schools through their loyalty to the customer and high quality products.

For more information about Signature Announcements, Inc. visit www.signaturea.com or http://college-graduation-announcements.signaturea.com

Contact:

Jason Wilson

Signature Announcements, Inc.

jasonsignature @ gmail.com

727-489-2045

www.SignatureA.com

http://college-graduation-announcements.signaturea.com

###



Rotunda of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. (LOC)


Image by The Library of Congress
Collier, John,, 1913-, photographer.

Rotunda of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.

1943 April

1 transparency : color.

Notes:
Title from FSA or OWI agency caption.
Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.

Subjects:
University of Virginia
Universities & colleges
World War, 1939-1945
United States–Virginia–Charlottesville

Format: Transparencies–Color

Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.

Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print

Part Of: Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Collection 12002-43 (DLC) 93845501

General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac

Persistent URL: hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsac.1a34518

Call Number: LC-USW36-758

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